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GEOL109 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

1) divergent
2) convergent
3) transform

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2
Q

What are some of the different forces associated with plate boundaries that result in different geological features observed on the earth today?

A
  • earthquakes
  • mid-ocean ridges
  • rift valleys
  • volcanoes
  • mountain belts
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3
Q

What is orogeny?

A

A process in which a section of the earth’s crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range.

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4
Q

When does an orogenic belt develop?

A

An orogenic belt develops when a continental plate is deformed and forced upwards to form a mountain range.

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5
Q

What is orogenesis?

A

The geological processes involved in the formation of an orogenic belt.

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6
Q

What forms a rift valley? What takes place in the rift valley?

A
  • Continental material begins to split apart

- Volcanic activity

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7
Q

When does an ocean basin form? What does this result in?

A

As rift widens, will eventually form an ocean basin. this results in stable margin deposition.

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8
Q

What takes place along the active mid-ocean ridge?

A

New volcanic islands form and move away from the ridge.

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9
Q

What happens if new volcanic island formation is associated with a hot spot?

A

This may develop a volcanic island chain

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10
Q

What happens at ocean-ocean subduction zones?

A

The process of new volcanic islands forming generates volcanic island arcs with a sep-sea trench towards the subducted plate.

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11
Q

Where do deep-sea trenches form?

A

At ocean-ocean subduction zones

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12
Q

What happens at ocean-continents subduction zones?

A

Volcanic arc with a deep sea trench towards the subducted plate

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13
Q

What is formed in both ocean-ocean and ocean-continent subduction zones?

A

An accretionary wedge is formed.

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14
Q

What is a for-and-thrust belt?

A

Sediments and oceanic rocks are folded, faulted, and squished.

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15
Q

What do thrust faults slice through?

A

previously folded rocks

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16
Q

What are the two types of folding?

A

syncline and anticline

17
Q

What is a syncline?

A
  • rocks folded (concave up)

- vertices at bottom

18
Q

What is a anticline?

A
  • rocks folded (concave down)

- vertices at top

19
Q

What is down the core of the volcanic arc? What is at either side?

A
  • don the core of the volcanic arc is an igneous arc of plutons
  • on either side of this is a metamorphic belt
20
Q

What is a backer basin? What is a foreland basic? What is the difference between the two?

A

A backer basic (in the ocean) or foreland basin (on continents) forms behind the region of uplift/volcanics due to downwarping of the crust.

21
Q

What is the backarc/foreland pain’s typical state?

A

flooded by ocean water

22
Q

Why is the backarc/foreland basic typically flooded by ocean water?

A

drops relatively dip in short periods of geological time

23
Q

What is Flysch?

A
  • in backarc/forland basin

- deepwater shales and muds with corner sediments and volcanic ash form layer called Flysch

24
Q

Flysch: where do coarser sediments come from? Volcanic ash?

A
  • Coarser sediments flush din due to earthquakes

- Volcanic ash deposited due to volcanic eruptions

25
Q

True or False: In continental system, the foreland basin typically fill geologically quickly, with Flysch being replaced by sediments derived from the coast.

A

True

26
Q

What is a clastic wedge

A
  • From deltas, beaches, etc.
  • When the foreland basin fills geologically quickly, with Flysch being replaced by sediments derived from the coast. In continental system.
27
Q

True or False: As long as subduction continues, arc with remain active.

A

True

28
Q

Why are there marine fossils on the tops of the Rocky Mountains?

A

Island arcs can be pushed upon the continent.

29
Q

True or False: Continents can’t become sutured together after colliding.

A

False

30
Q

What does the collision of continents cause?

A

Intense heat and pressure, resulting in metamorphosis of the rocks that are colliding together.

31
Q

What is the role of erosion with continents coming together?

A
  • Erosion begins to wear down the mountain range

- Eroded sediments are transported by river

32
Q

When eroded sediments are transported by rivers:

  • If draining onto the___, this fills up the foreland basin
  • If draining towards the___, forms stable margin clastic edge.
A
  • continent

- ocean

33
Q

What happens with isostatic rebound?

A
  • Mountain height is balanced against the mountain roots

- This cases deeper and deeper igneous and metamorphic belt rocks to be exposed.

GEOL109 (18 decks)

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