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GEOL109 > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is stratigraphy?

A

Aging subsets of rocks and figuring out which subsets of rocks they are related to.

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2
Q

What is plate tectonics responsible for?

A

Responsible for geologic phenomenon such as earthquakes, mountains, oceans, volcanoes.

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3
Q

What is paleogeography?

A

ancient geography

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4
Q

What is the study of fossils (ancient life) called?

A

palaeontology

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5
Q

What is sedimentology?

A

the study of sediment

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6
Q

What are Earth’s 4 spheres?

A

1) atmosphere
2) biosphere
3) hydrosphere
4) lithosphere

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7
Q

Describe the Earth 500 million years ago

A
  • no breathable oxygen because there were no plants
  • atmosphere mainly CO2
  • most modern groups of organisms appeared around this time
  • prior to this, only soft bodied organisms. Hard bodied came at this time
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8
Q

Describe the earth 300 million years ago

A
  • first fish with teeth appeared. Prior to this, fish lacked jaws. Evolution of jaws
  • skeletons started to appear (internal skeletons
  • skulls began to evolve
  • reptiles and amphibians becoming a big deal
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9
Q

Describe the earth 200 million years ago

A
  • retiles and dinosaurs because of the mass extinction (250 MYA)
  • deserts –> good for deserts
  • amphibians –> need water to lay eggs
  • massive desert bed for amphibians
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10
Q

Describe the earth 100 million years ago

A
  • western interior seaway
  • birds diversified
  • diversification of angiosperm (flowering plants)
  • dominating group of plants were conifers, pine trees
  • dinosaurs
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11
Q

Describe the earth 50 million years ago

A
  • western interior seaway gone
  • primates appeared
  • most modern groups of mammals
  • things with even number toes and odd-numbered toes
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12
Q

What is the earth like present day?

A
  • icy –> glacial period
  • mid-ocean trenches (plates ripping apart)
  • east african rift valley –> continent ripped apart, becomes a sea and an ocean because filled with water
  • bearing land bridge –> migration –> ice so you can walk from Russia to North America
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13
Q

What explains natural disasters?

A

plate tectonics

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14
Q

What are the two types of time?

A

1) Relative time (in relation to other things)

2) Absolute time

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15
Q

What is the geological time scale?

A
  • division take place where major events happen

- can tell absolute time from radioactive decay

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16
Q

When in the geologic time scale did modern life start?

A

The Cambrian

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17
Q

What is Uniformitarianism?

A

things in past will happen again

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18
Q

What is actualism?

A

study modern and apply to ancient

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19
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

catastrophes related to being known as a result of divine intervention

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20
Q

What are rocks composed of?

A

minerals

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21
Q

what are minerals composed of?

A

elements

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22
Q

What are elements composed of?

A

stardust

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23
Q

When was the Big Bang?

A

14 billion years ago (13.7)

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24
Q

What is SINGULARITY?

A

Notion universe started from a single point

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25
Q

What is the composition of the universe?

A

75% hydrogen; 25% helium

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26
Q

Where are all elements formed?

A

inside stars

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27
Q

Why is the universe cooling?

A

because it was expanding

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28
Q

What is evidence for the expanding universe?

A
  • galaxies moving away fro us

- abundance of hydrogen and helium

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29
Q

What is the fate of the universe?

A

Big Crunch: nothing can continue together forever. Galaxies can’t expand forever, will begin to contract, reverse time, singularity, will begin to expand again, cease to exist.

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30
Q

What is the Nebular Hypothesis?

A

Formation of the Solar System

  • Nebula: please with a lot of matter and hydrogen, starts to condense and spin, eventually enough hydrogen that it will come together and form a photo-star
  • swirling space junk
  • sun is very hot, so the stuff that is closer to the sun will not be gasses and liquids, they will be pushed out.
  • frost line
  • planetismals –> spin faster and faster and collect more material; planet forms.
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31
Q

What is the frost line?

A
  • everything beyond –> gassy

- everything within –> rocky

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32
Q

Where do the rocky planets form?

A

in the inner part of protoplanetary disk

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33
Q

What are the rocky planets?

A

mercury, venus, mars, earth

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34
Q

What is the difference between an asteroid and a comet?

A

Asteroid: rocky
Comet: ice

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35
Q

What are rocky materials that never formed into planets?

A

asteroids

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36
Q

What are the giant planets?

A

jupiter, saturn, neptune, uranus

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37
Q

What type of core do the giant plants have?

A

metal core

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38
Q

Why did the giant planets assemble gases?

A

because it is cold beyond the frost line

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39
Q

Where are comets found?

A

Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

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40
Q

Why do comments have a tail (characteristic feature)?

A

Because they are made of ice, and the tail is ice boiling off of it.

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41
Q

What is the star at the centre of our solar system?

A

the sun

42
Q

What is our sun composed of?

A

mostly hydrogen, some helium

43
Q

What happens inside the sun?

A

fusion of Hydrogen into Helium

44
Q

What happens when the sun is out of hydrogen?

A

it wil fuse helium into carbon…becomes red giant

45
Q

What happens once the sun can’t fuse helium anymore?

A

will fuse carbon into iron…becomes white dwarf

46
Q

What happens when the a star is out of Carbon?

A

It will become a supernova, will explode, and then become a black hold (if very large). Core caused into neutron star

47
Q

Will our sun be a black hold?

A

no (because it is not big enough)

48
Q

Why does Earth have life?

A
  • atmosphere…because of Earth’s magnetic field
49
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.6 billion years old

50
Q

What controls the Earth’s tide?

A

the moon

51
Q

What would happen if the moon didn’t exist?

A

the earth would shift on its axis

52
Q

What is the lithosphere made of?

A
  • made of several plates, driven by convection in the mantle

- driven by radioactive decay and temperature difference between crust and mantle core

53
Q

What is the process behind plate tectonics?

A

Rock in side Earth becomes molten, rises towards crust, cools, solidifies and falls. Heaths up rock, rises, cools, and falls
= plate tectonics
- makes life possible

54
Q

What are the Northern lights?

A

atmosphere being bombarded by radiation. Magnetic field makes it so that bombarding radiation doesn’t destroy atmosphere.

55
Q

How were the Earth’s layers formed?

A

Chemical segregation early in the formation of Earth by gravity

56
Q

What can Earth’s layers be defined by?

A
  • chemical composition
  • physical composition
    1) inner core - solid
    2) outer core - liquid
    3) Mantle - slush
57
Q

What is the composition of core?

A

inner layer, dense, iron rich

58
Q

What is the largest layer of he earth?

A

mantle

59
Q

What is the composition of the mantle?

A

iron, magnesium, and oxygen seeking elements

60
Q

What is the crust composed of?

A

silica and oxygen

61
Q

What makes life on Earth possible?

A

water

62
Q

What spawned theory of plate tectonics?

A

continental drift

63
Q

What did layers of earth form by?

A

chemical segregation by gravity

64
Q

Inner earth =
surface =
mantle =

A

inner- metal
surface - silicates
mantle - slush

65
Q

inner core =

outer core =

A

inner is solid; outer is liquid

66
Q

What does iron in core create?

A

iron in core creates atmosphere (magnetic field)

67
Q

What does the lithosphere consist of?

A

crust and upper mantle

68
Q

What is the driving force of plate tectonics?

A

atmosphere

69
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

upper part f the mantle

70
Q

Flow of asthenosphere?

A

vertically and horizontally

71
Q

What is mostly nickel and iron?

A

outer core

72
Q

What is responsible for Earth’s magnetic field, which deflects solar radiation?

A

the outer core

73
Q

Why is the inner core solid?

A

because of pressure due to gravity

74
Q

What is the composition of the inner core?

A

nickel and iron

75
Q

What did Alfred Wegener propose?

A

continental drift

76
Q

WHAT ARE 4 POINTS OF EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN?

A

1) fit of the continents
2) fossil evidence
3) rock types and structural similarities
4) paleoclimatic evidence (glaciation)

77
Q

What is paleomagnetism?

A

Magnetization of ancient rocks at the time of their formation. Rocks clinging to magnetic North depending on when they were formed. Minerals in igneous rocks align with magnetic north as they cool.

78
Q

Who proposed plate tectonics?

A

Harry ess in 1962

79
Q

What is the rate of plate tectonics?

A

2.5 cm/yr

80
Q

Why drives plate tectonics?

A

convection in mantle

81
Q

What are the 3 types of faults and the boundaries that they are associated with?

A

1) Normal fault (extensional) –> pulling apart: divergent
2) Reverse fault (compressional) –> colliding: convergent
3) Strike-slip fault (shearing) –> sliding past: transform

82
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

1) Divergent- 2 plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor
2) Convergent Boundaries- 2 plates move together with descent of oceanic crust into mantle or collision 2 continental plates
3) Transform boundaries

83
Q

What boundary are mid-ocean ridges associated with?

A

divergent

84
Q

Where can divergent boundaries occur?

A
  • occurs mainly at mid-ocean ridges

- can occur under continents at rift valleys

85
Q

What is the site of crustal formation?

A

mid-ocean ridges

86
Q

What results in the formation of new ocean crust? What is this crust like?

A

Mid-Ocean ridges

  • hot mantle material rises to top of lithosphere, cools
  • very dense and iron rich (the density of ocean crust is due to being derived from mantle and this causes it io sit lower)
87
Q

What disaster are mid-ocean ridges associated with?

A

volcanoes

88
Q

What is subduction associated with?

A

convergent boundaries

89
Q

What is subduction?

A
  • of one plate below the other

- process where one plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle due to gravitational pull

90
Q

What is ocean ridges and seafloor spreading?

A
  • speaking occurs along the ocean ridge system at about 5 cm/yr
  • rates account for all of earth’s ocean basins in last 200 my
91
Q

What do ridge systems exhibit?

A

topographic differences that are controlled by spreading rates

92
Q

What does the descending slab undergo?

A

dehydration, which causes partial melting of the overlying mantle (ring of fire)

93
Q

True or False: Earthquakes are more common at convergent and transform boundaries than divergent boundaries.

A

true

94
Q

What is the ring of fire?

A

modern material that is less dense rises. It is the location of most of the world’s trenches

95
Q

What are the 3 types of convergent boundaries?

A

A) oceanic-continental collision - mountain building
B) oceanic-oceanic plate collision - volcanic island arc –> chain of volcanoes
C) continental-continental collision - intense mountain building

96
Q

Why are mountains limited in how tall they can become?

A

Isostasy (buoyancy)

- gravity will push them back down

97
Q

What do all convergent boundaries result in

A

subduction (the older portions of plates will be the ones subducted)

98
Q

What are transform plate boundaries?

A

pates slide past each other without either generating new lithosphere or consuming lithosphere

99
Q

What is associated with an enormous fault that results in active seismic activity?

A

transform plate boundaries

100
Q

What are earthquakes common with?

A

transform plate boundaries

101
Q

What often joints segments of divergent and convergent boundaries?

A

transform plate boundaries

102
Q

What are the Sand Andres Fault and Johnson’s Fault examples of?

A

transform plate boundaries

GEOL109 (18 decks)

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