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WPP II Exam > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the AV Valves?

A

Valves between the atrium and ventricle

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2
Q

What is the name of the right AV Valve?

A

Tricuspid

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3
Q

What is the name of the left AV Valve?

A

Mitral (or BiCuspid)

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4
Q

Which ventricle pumps blood to the lung?

A

Right Ventricle

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5
Q

What is a semi-lunar valve?

A

Each of a pair of valves in the heart, at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery, consisting of three cusps or flaps that prevent the flow of blood back into the heart.

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6
Q

What si the myocardium?

A
  • muscle
  • adapt to stresses / exercise
  • Intrinsic contractile function
  • beats / minute
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7
Q

What is hemorrhagic bleeding?

A

Rupture in a blood vessel in the brain, stroke.

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8
Q

What is DVT?

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis - clot formation from pressure. Usually presents with swelling - after plain trips long time sitting.Can go to Coronary artery & brain

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9
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

A thrombotic stroke occurs when diseased or damaged cerebral arteries become blocked by the formation of a blood clot within the brain

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10
Q

What are the Semi-Lunar Valves?

A

Pulmonary / Aortic

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of neural impulses in the heart?

A
  1. Sino-Atrial (SA) node
  2. Atrio-Ventricular (AV) node.
  3. (AV) Bundle or “Bundle of His”
  4. Purkinje Fibers into Ventricles
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12
Q

What are the Purkinje Fibers?

A

Any of the specialized cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

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13
Q

What does ‘P-wave” represent

A

Atrial Depolarization

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14
Q

Name five phases of heart beat or Cardiac Conduction (ECG)

A
  1. Atrial Depolarization (P-Wave)
  2. Conduction Delay in AV Node (PR-interval)
  3. Ventricular DePolarization (QRS Complex)
  4. Time btw Ventricular Depolarization & Repolarization (ST Segment)
  5. Ventricukar Repolarization (T-Wave)
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15
Q

Where is the Cardiac Control center located in the brain?

A

The Medulla

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16
Q

What are the two receptors in the Cardiac Neurological Control center?

A
  1. Carotid sinus pressure or baroreceptors

2. The carotid & aortic body chemo-receptors

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17
Q

Carotid sinus pressure or baroreceptors does what?

A

REDUCES BLOOD PRESSURE when pressure within the CAROTID SINUS is ELEVATED.

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18
Q

The carotid & aortic body chemo-receptors do what?

A

Contain cells that sense the O2 and CO2 levels in blood and from which messages are dispatched to the medulla (in the brain) to REGULATE HEART RATE..

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19
Q

The sympathetic nervous system does what?

A

Increases heart rate and stroke volume and Blood Pressure.

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20
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation does what?

A

(the Vagus nerve) slows and quiets the heart.

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21
Q

What are the two phases of the Cardiac Circuit?

A

Diastole and Systole

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22
Q

What happens during the diastolic phase?

A

Diastole : Phase of ventricular relaxation. Ventricle is filling with blood.

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23
Q

What happens during the systolic phase?

A

Systole: Phase on ventricular contraction. Ventricles pump blood out of the heart.

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24
Q

What is Heart Rate (HR)?

A

Heart rate is determined by the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (BPM).
HR can vary as the body’s need for oxygen changes, such as during exercise or sleep.

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25
Q

What is a normal Heart rate for an athlete vs a regular person?

A

40-60bpm versus 60-100bpm

26
Q

What does a lower heart rate indicate?

A

More oxygen in blood and more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness.

27
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat.

28
Q

What is Pre-Load?

A

Pre-load is the volume of blood in the ventricles when diastole ends.

29
Q

What is After-Load?

A

After-load is the pressure against which the ventricle must strain to eject its blood.

30
Q

What is Contractility?

A

Contractility is the ionotropic state of the myocardium.

31
Q

If the Stroke Volume is low does that indicate good or poor health?

A

Poor heart health.

32
Q

What is the Ejection Fraction?

A

Stroke volume equals end-diastolic volume (EDV) minus end-systolic volume (ESV) following contraction: SV = EDV-ESV
SV / EDV equals the ejection fraction

33
Q

What is normal range for Ejection Fraction?

A

The normal range is 55% to 75%.
This is the percentage of the blood, which fills the heart that it is able to expel during a contraction. It decreases, for example, in heart failure.

34
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

Amount of Blood ejected from the heart per minute. SV x HR = CO

35
Q

What is Blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the measurement of the physical pressure exerted by the
blood against the blood vessel walls.

Systolic Blood Pressure (higher #) : The force applied to the large arteries during ventricular contraction.

Diastolic Blood pressure (lower #): The force remaining in the arteries when the ventricles relax.

36
Q

What are the layers of the vessels?

A
  1. Tunica Externa -Connective Tissue
  2. Tunica Media - Smooth Muscle
  3. Tunica Interna (Intima) - Epithelial tissue
37
Q

Which layer is very thick in an artery?

A

Tunica Media: Designed to withstand high pressure. Large vessels contain high concentration of elastin fiber.

38
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

Regulation of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure.

39
Q

What is Vasoconstriction of Arterioles?

A
  1. Decrease Blood flow
  2. Increase Peripheral Resistance leading to
  3. Increase in Blood Pressure
40
Q

Shunting?

A

Redirection of blood flow based on metabolic demand.

41
Q

What are the three functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. TRANSPORT
  2. THERMOREGULATION
  3. IMMUNITY
42
Q

There is no muscular pump or elastic arteries driving blood flow in this low pressure cardiovascular system?

A

Venous Circulation

43
Q

What is the a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart?

A

Vena cava.

44
Q

What are four mechanisms that pump blood through the veins in venous circulation?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump: contraction of muscles
  2. One way valves within the veins prevent back flow.
  3. Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle in walls of veins.
  4. Respiratory pump: Vacuum created by inspiration draws blood into thoracic cavity.
45
Q

Four tests for heart?

A
  1. ECG (Electrocardiogram)
  2. Ultrasound (Echocardiogram)
  3. Angiography
  4. Cardiac enzymes
46
Q

What is Starlings Law of the Heart?

A

Stroke Volume and Output Force depends on Venous Return

47
Q

What is Cardiomyopathy?

A

Enlarged heart which can cause Cardiac Heart Failure (CHF).

48
Q

The three cardinal symptoms of all

forms of heart failure are?

A
  1. Dyspnea (labored breathing)
  2. Fatigue
  3. Fluid retention
49
Q

“utterly exhausting” fatigue might be a sign of what condition? i.e.: Can’t get dressed without stopping to rest

A

Cardiac Heart Failure

50
Q

Pulmonary circulation stems from which side of the heart?

A

Right

51
Q

Systemic circulation stems from which side of the heart?

A

Left

52
Q

Right or left side of the heart?
This ventricular failure causes fluid to back up in the veins of the systemic circulation. Pitting edema in the ankles, feet, or lower back if sitting up (especially in the sacral area). Hepatomegaly / hepatic tenderness, enlargement and tenderness of the liver. Increased jugular venous pressure (JVP).

A

Right

53
Q

Right or left side of the heart?

  • pulmonary edema
  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • gurgling rales
  • orthopnea - inability to breathe while lying flat
A

Left. This causes fluid to back up in the lungs

54
Q

All cases of heart failure eventually lead to what condition and the ventricle fails to pump with normal power.

A

Cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)

55
Q

Three types of diagnostic heart tests?

A
  1. Chest X ray (enlarged heart, pulmonary edema)
  2. ECG (prolongation of PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval, and cardiac arrhythmias)
  3. Echocardiogram (with a left ventricular ejection fraction < 45% suggests failure)
56
Q

Medication for heart disease?

A
  1. Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis) leads to increased contractility
  2. Beta Blockers
  3. ACE inhibitors
  4. Nitrates
  5. Diuretics
57
Q

A Cardiac Glycoside?

A

Digoxin

58
Q

This medication leads to increased contractility?

A

Digitalis

59
Q

LVAD

A

Left Ventricular Assist Device
This is an implanted device with an external battery source that augments the function of the left ventricle to improve cardiac output when medications have failed.

60
Q

This drug leads to increased contractility, slows the HR and increases the myocardial force of contraction. It is an extract of the foxglove plant.

A

Digoxin

WPP II Exam (7 decks)

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