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WPP II Exam > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Hypertension affects approximately 50 million Americans and is the most common modifiable cardiac risk factor.

A

True

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2
Q

Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above what threshold x/y on two separate occasions?

A
  • Hypertension is defined as any blood pressure above the threshold of 140/90 on two occasions. (This should be documented on two separate office visits.)
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3
Q

How is Hypertension evaluated and diagnosed?

A
  1. Blood pressure reading by sphygmomanometer
  2. Sitting down after 5 minutes of rest
  3. Two separate readings 5 minutes apart
  4. Second one confirmed in the contralateral arm
  5. Readings are expressed in millimeters of mercury
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4
Q

High blood pressure is:
A. 120/75
B. 130/85
C. 125/80

A

B. 130-139 systolic / 85-90 diastolic

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5
Q

What happens to the vessel and the blood pressure in Hypertension?

A
  1. Injury in the vessel wall
  2. Loss of the elastic recoil
  3. increase in blood pressure during systole
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6
Q

Hypertension affects arteries how, by speeding up what process?

A
  • speeds up the process of hardening of the arteries in
  • HBP makes them more vulnerable to fatty deposits
  • small arteries, lining becomes thickened, constricting the vessels and obstructing blood flow through them.
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7
Q

How does hypertension affect:

  • Kidney
  • Eyes
  • Heart
  • Brain
A
  1. Kidney: progressive renal damage / inability to filter blood / failure & dialysis
  2. Eyes: loss of vision, retinopathy (drug antihypertensive can cure)
  3. Heart: hypertensive cardiomyopathy (enlarged & stiff)
  4. Brain: hemorrhagic (bleeding) / ischemic (clot) stroke & Multi-infarct dementia
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8
Q

What is mm Hg?

A

Millimeters of mercury.

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9
Q

What are the risk strategies for:

  1. low risk patients
  2. high risk patients?
A
  1. lifestyle modifications

2. Drug therapy

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10
Q

What is the target mm Hg in at risk patients?

A

The treatment target in these patients is a blood pressure of less than 130/85 mm Hg.

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11
Q

List lifestyle modifications for patients with Hypertension:

A
  1. Weight reduction.
  2. Moderate alcohol intake.
  3. Regular aerobic physical activity.
  4. Reduce dietary sodium intake.
  5. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet.
  6. Stress management
  7. Smoking cessation
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12
Q

What is the Primary Mechanism of Action of Diuretic - Thiazide?

A

Deplete sodium and reduce blood volume / blood pressure by dilating (widening) the blood vessel.

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13
Q

Side affects of Thiazides?

A

Hypokalemia - Muscle Cramps d/t Low Potassium

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14
Q

What kind of Diuretic is Potassium?

It is used to prevent what condition that can occur with Thiazide drugs?

A
  • Sparing Diuretic
  • to prevent or correct Hypokalemia
  • to avoid potassium depletion in patients taking digitalis for heart failure
    Examples: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
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15
Q

What kind of diuretic is Furosemide (Lasix)? What does it treat?

A
  • A Loop Diuretic.
  • Used when Urgent Diuresis is required.
  • Shorter duration.
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16
Q

What are two side affects of Furosemide (Lasix)?

A
  • Dehydration

- Hypokalemia

17
Q

Match

  1. A Loop Diuretic
  2. Sparing Diuretic
  3. Thiazide
  4. Beta Blocker
  5. ACE Inhibitor

A. Spironolactone (Aldactone)
B. Furosemide (Lasix)
C. Propranolol (Inderal), Metoprolol (Lopressor)
D. Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril (Vasotec)
E. Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

A

(1B) A Loop Diuretic = Furosemide (Lasix)
(2A) Sparing Diuretic (ONE)= Spironolactone (Aldactone)
(3E) Thiazide = Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
(4C) Beta Blocker ((LOL) = Propranolol (Inderal)
(5D) ACE Inhibitor (IL)= Captopril (Capoten), Enalapril (Vasotec)

18
Q

Which drug decreases myocardial contractility and heart rate and has a side effect of sexual dysfunction in men?

  • A Loop Diuretic
  • Sparing Diuretic
  • Beta Blocker
  • ACE Inhibitors
A
  • Beta Blocker
19
Q

This drug causes relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure. It treats Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure.

A

ACE Inhibitors.

Side Effects: dry cough (observed in more than 10%).

20
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers function?

A

Lower Blood Pressure. Good for Hypertension.

Inhibit Ca2+ (calcium) influx into vascular smooth muscle; relax peripheral arteriole smooth muscle and thereby decrease total peripheral resistance.

Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and blood vessel walls, resulting in lower blood pressure.

21
Q

Match

  1. Heart
  2. Kidney
  3. Arterioles

A. Calcium Channel Blockers
B. Beta Blockers
C. Diuretics, ACE Inhibitors

A

(1B) Heart = Beta Blockers
(2C) Kidney = Diuretics and ACE Inhibitors
(3A) Arterioles = Calcium Channel Blockers

22
Q

What does a diuretic do?

A

Causes increased passing of urine.

23
Q

Hypertension increases the risk of these three kinds of stroke, that affect the brain.

A
  • Hemorrhagic
  • Ischemic
  • Multi-infarct dementia
24
Q

primary hypertension vs secondary hypertension

A

heart (lifestyle) vs from organ (not lifestyle) 5%

25
Q

ACE Inhibitors do what?

A

enlarge vessels

WPP II Exam (7 decks)

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