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RUSVM Parasitology COPY > Exam II - Phylum Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Exam II - Phylum Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common name for Cystoisospora canis?

A

Coccidia

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2
Q

What is/are the final host(s) for Cystoisospora canis?

A

Dogs.

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3
Q

What is/are the paratenic host(s) for Cystoisospora canis?

A

rodents

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4
Q

How would you identify Cystoisospora canis?

A

It is the largest species of several in the dog (50 um).

Unsporulated oocysts are a single cell or sporont.

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of the Cystoisospora canis sporulated oocyst.

A

Sporulated oocysts spherical, 2 sporocysts each with 4 sporozoites, oval, largest species 50 um.

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6
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Cystoisospora canis life cycle?

A
  1. Sporulation
  2. infection & shizogony (or merogony)
  3. Gametogony & oocyst formation
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7
Q

Describe the sporulation phase in Cystoisospora canis

A

Unsporulated oocysts pass in feces. Sporulation takes place outside host. Sporulated oocyst contains 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites. This is the infective stage.

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8
Q

What is the infective stage for Cystoisospora canis?

A

sporulated oocyst

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9
Q

Describe the infection & schizogony phase for Cystoisospora canis

A

Definitive host becomes infected by ingesting a sporulated oocyst. Each sporocyst releases 4 sporozoites. A paratenic host can ingest this oocyst. When the paratenic host & its cyst are ingested by the final host, sporozoites are released form the cyst in the final host.

Each sporozoite gives rise to a shizont containing merozoites. Merozoites rupture out of the small intestinal cell, enter another cell, from a 2nd & 3rd generation shizont.

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10
Q

Describe the gametogony & oocyst formation phase for Cystoisospora canis

A

Merozoites give rise to male & female gametocytes. The macrogametocytes are female, remain unicellular, but increase in size to fill the parasitized cell. The are distinguishable by the single large nucleus.

The male microgametocytes undergo repeated division to form a large number of flagelated uninucleate organisms, the microgametes. This is the only time coccidia have organs of locomotion.

Fusion & fertilization or micro- and macrogametes take place and a cyst wall forms which results in a zygote, now an oocyst.

This oocyst ruptures out of its cell, and passes as an unsporulated oocyst in the feces of the host. PPP is 4-11 days (depending on species)

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11
Q

What is/are the site(s) of infection for Cystoisospora canis?

A

small intestine

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12
Q

Describe any pathogenesis associated with Cystoisospora canis

A

small intestinal cells are destroyed, leading to enteritis.

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13
Q

Describe any clinical signs associated with Cystoisospora canis

A

most species are asymptomatic. Young dogs are more susceptible and will show clinical signs. Diarrhea can be watery, severe, profuse, and bloody.

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14
Q

How would you diagnose Cystoisospora canis?

A

oocyst in feces. Smaller than ascarid eggs (80-100 um) and larger than Sarcocystis eggs (18 um)

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15
Q

Describe any treatment & prevention options for Cystoisospora canis

A

Management is critical. Antiprotozoal remedies are available also.

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16
Q

What is/are the final host(s) for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

cats

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17
Q

What is/are the intermediate host(s) for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

humans, dogs, livestock, and birds

18
Q

Describe the appearance of the Toxoplasma gondii oocyst

A

Oocyst found in feces of cat, small, 12 um. When sporulated in 1-5 days, oocysts contain 2 sporocysts, each with 4 sporozoites

19
Q

Describe the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

A

Large numbers of unsporulated oocysts are shed in cat poop. Oocysts sporulated within 1-5 days in the environment and become infective.

Intermediate hosts become infected after ingesting soil, water, or plant material contaminated with oocysts.

Oocysts transform into tachyzoites shortly after ingestion. These tachyzoites develop into bradyzoites (tissue cyst form).

Cats are infected when they eat the intermediate host with the cyst. The cyst wall is digested in the cat’s stomach and the liberated bradyzoites start a cycle of development to produce oocysts in 3-10 days in the intestinal epithelium.

The freed sporozoites rapidly penetrate the intestinal wall and spread via the blood. The invasive & proliferative stage is the tachyzoite.

20
Q

What is the invasive & proliferative stage of the Toxoplasma gondii life cycle?

A

The tachyzoite is the invasive & proliferative stage

21
Q

How are cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

A

eating infected rodents or directly ingesting the oocyst

22
Q

What is/are the site(s) of infection for Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Intestinal & extraintestinal tissues in both hosts

23
Q

describe any pathogenesis associated with Toxoplasma gondii

A

most animals are asymptomatic. Clinical disease in cats occurs and depends on the organs involved & the extent of cells infected. Acute toxoplasmosis.Severe seen with FIV

24
Q

How would you diagnose Toxoplasma gondii?

A

oocysts in cat feces. Serological tests, modified direct agglutination test, ELISA & IFA

Cats develop immunity after initial infection & shed only once in a lifetime (four 1-2 weeks)

25
Q

Describe some treatment & prevention options for Toxoplasma gondii

A
  • humans should avoid contact with cat poop
  • humans should avoid undercooked meat from intermediate host
  • pregnant women should avoid contact with all sources of oocysts
  • nonsulfonamides and sulfonamides are used
26
Q

What is/are the final host(s) for Sarcocystis spp?

A

final hosts are dogs, cats, humans, carnivores, and birds

27
Q

What is/are the intermediate host(s) for Sarcocystis spp?

A

cattle, herbivores, omnivores, birds

28
Q

These are individual Sarcocystis spp sporocysts

A

Enjoy that

29
Q

List the phases of the life cycle of Sarcocystis spp

A

The life cycle includes gametogony in the final host, and schizogony & sarcocyst formation in the intermediate host

30
Q

How is the final host infected with Sarcocystis spp?

A

Infection is by ingestion of mature sarcocysts with bradyzoites in the muscle of the intermediate host

31
Q

How is the intermediate host infected with Sarcocystis spp?

A

Infection is by ingestion of the sporocysts from an infected final host, followed by at least 3 asexual generations

32
Q

What is the PPP for Sarcocystis spp in carnivores?

A

1-2 weeks

33
Q

How long is the patent period for Sarcocystis spp?

A

1 week to several months

34
Q

What is/are the site(s) of infection for Sarcocystis spp?

A

muscles in intermediate hosts. Sporocysts in GI tract of final host

35
Q

Describe some clinical signs in each host for Sarcocystis spp

A

No illness in final host, but fatal disease in intermediate herbivore host. Abortion may result.

36
Q

How would you diagnose Sarcocystis spp?

A

Sporocysts in final hosts. Positive diagnosis based on badyzoites in muscle tissue of the intermediate host

37
Q

Describe treatment and prevention options for Sarcocystis spp?

A

Avoid raw meat & prevent fecal contamination

38
Q

What is/are the host(s) for Hepatozoon spp?

A

Dogs.

39
Q

What is/are the site(s) of infection for Hepatozoon spp?

A

White blood cells

40
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with various species of Hepatozoon spp?

A
  • H. canis* - subclinical infection
  • H. americanum* - severe disease; joint pain, myositis
41
Q

How would you diagnose Hepatozoon spp?

A

Parasites in peripheral blood; examination of muscle tissue at biopsy or necropsy

42
Q

Describe treatment & prevention options for Hepatozoon spp

A

No satisfactory treatment :(

tick control

RUSVM Parasitology COPY (124 decks)

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