C3.2 - Atoms into ions

Question 1

An example of mixing two substances together without either of them changing

Answer 1

An example of mixing two substances together without either of them changing is that you can mix:

1. Sand and copper sulfate together
2. Then separate them again

Question 2

A compound contains 2 or more elements, which are chemically combined.
The compound formed is different from what?

Answer 2

The compound formed is different from the elements that it is made from

Question 3

A compound contains 2 or more elements, which are chemically combined.
The compound formed is different from the elements that it is made from and you cannot get the elements back again easily.
What can you react together to form other compounds?

Answer 3

You can also react compounds together to form other compounds

Question 4

What do the atoms of the noble gases, in group 0 of the periodic table, have?

Answer 4

The atoms of the noble gases, in group 0 of the periodic table, have an arrangement of electrons that make them:

1. Stable
2. Unreactive

Question 5

What happens in ionic bonding?

Answer 5

In ionic bonding, the atoms involved:
1. Lose
Or,
2. Gain
electrons to form charged particles called ions

Question 6

In ionic bonding, the atoms involved lose or gain electrons to form charged particles called ions.
The ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas.
Example

Answer 6

For example:
If sodium (2,8,1), from group 1 in the periodic table, loses one electron, it is left with the stable electronic structure of neon (2,8)

Question 7

If sodium (2,8,1), from group 1 in the periodic table, loses one electron, it is left with the stable electronic structure of neon (2,8), but what is it also left with?

Answer 7

If sodium (2,8,1), from group 1 in the periodic table, loses one electron, it is left with the stable electronic structure of neon (2,8), but it is also left with 1 more proton in its nucleus than there are electrons around the nucleus

Question 8

If sodium (2,8,1), from group 1 in the periodic table, loses one electron, it is left with the stable electronic structure of neon (2,8), but it is also left with 1 more proton in its nucleus than there are electrons around the nucleus.
What does the proton have?

Answer 8

The proton has a positive charge

Question 9

Chlorine (2,8,7), from group 7, gains a single electron to get the stable electronic structure of argon (2,8,8).
What is there now one more of?

Answer 9

There is now one more electron than there are positive protons in the nucleus

Question 10

What do metal atoms tend to do?

Answer 10

Metal atoms tend to lose electrons

Question 11

What do non-metal atoms tend to do?

Answer 11

Non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons

Question 12

When sodium reacts with chlorine, each sodium atom loses an electron and each chlorine atom gains an electron.
They both form stable ions.
What is the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged Na+ ions and Cl- ions called?

Answer 12

The electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged Na+ ions and Cl- ions is called ionic bonding

Question 13

What does making bonds involve?

Answer 13

Making bonds involves atoms:
1. Giving away
2. Taking
Or,
3. Sharing
electrons

Question 14

Making bonds involves atoms giving away, taking or sharing electrons.
What is involved in making bonds?

Answer 14

In making bonds, only the electrons are involved

Question 15

It is usually difficult to separate what?

Answer 15

It is usually difficult to separate the original elements of a compound out again

Question 16

It is usually difficult to separate the original elements of a compound out again.
What is needed to do this?

Answer 16

To separate the original elements of a compound out again, a chemical reaction is needed

Question 17

What is atleast made, during a chemical reaction?

Answer 17

During a chemical reaction, atleast 1 new substance is made

Question 18

During a chemical reaction, atleast 1 new substance is made.

What can you usually measure?

Answer 18

During a chemical reaction, you can usually measure a change in energy

Question 19

What does a compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consist of?

Answer 19

A compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consists of ions

Question 20

What does a compound formed from non-metals consist of?

Answer 20

A compound formed from non-metals consists of molecules

Question 21

A compound formed from non-metals consists of molecules.

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 21

Covalent bonding is that each atom shares an electron with another atom

Question 22

What are the properties of a compound usually?

Answer 22

The properties of a compound are usually totally different from the properties of the original elements

Question 23

The properties of a compound are usually totally different from the properties of the original elements.
Example

Answer 23

For example, if iron, a lustrous magnetic metal, and sulfur, a nice yellow powder, react, the compound formed, iron sulphide:

1. Is a dull grey solid lump
2. Doesn’t behave anything like either iron or sulfur

Question 24

An example of mixing two substances together without either of them changing is that you can mix sand and copper sulfate together and then separate them again.
What will have taken place to the sand or the copper sulfate?

Answer 24

No change will have taken place to the:
1. Sand
Or,
2. Copper sulfate

Question 25

A compound contains 2 or more elements, which are chemically combined.
The compound formed is different from the elements that it is made from and you cannot get what easily?

Answer 25

The compound formed is different from the elements that it is made from and you cannot get the elements back again easily

Question 26

If sodium (2,8,1), from group 1 in the periodic table, loses one electron, it is left with the stable electronic structure of neon (2,8), but it is also left with 1 more proton in its nucleus than there are electrons around the nucleus.
The proton has a positive charge, so what?

Answer 26

The proton has a positive charge, so the sodium atom has now become a positively charged ion, with a single positive charge

Question 27

Chlorine (2,8,7), from group 7, gains a single electron to get the stable electronic structure of argon (2,8,8).
There is now one more electron than there are positive protons in the nucleus, so the chlorine atom becomes what?

Answer 27

There is now one more electron than there are positive protons in the nucleus, so the chlorine atom becomes a negatively charged ion

Question 28

Making bonds involves atoms giving away, taking or sharing electrons.
In making bonds, only the electrons are involved.
What aren’t affected at all when a bond is made?

Answer 28

The nuclei of the atoms aren’t affected at all when a bond is made

Question 29

During a chemical reaction, atleast 1 new substance is made.

During a chemical reaction, you can usually measure a change in energy, such as what?

Answer 29

During a chemical reaction, you can usually measure a change in energy, such as a temperature change

Question 30

A compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consists of ions.
The metal atoms lose electrons to form what?

Answer 30

The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions

Question 31

A compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consists of ions.
The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form what?

Answer 31

1. The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions

2. The non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions

Question 32

A compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consists of ions.
The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions.
The opposite charges (positive and negative) of the ions mean what?

Answer 32

The opposite charges (positive and negative) of the ions mean that they’re strongly attracted to each other

Question 33

A compound which is formed from a metal and a non-metal consists of ions.
The metal atoms lose electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions.
The opposite charges (positive and negative) of the ions mean that they’re strongly attracted to each other
This is what?

Answer 33

This is ionic bonding