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GCSE Chemistry COPY > C13.5 - Atmospheric pollutants > Flashcards

C13.5 - Atmospheric pollutants Flashcards

1
Q

What do all fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce when they burn in plenty of air?

A

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air

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2
Q

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air.
But, what do these fuels contain?

A

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air
But, these fuels contain other substances, as well as hydrocarbons

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3
Q

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air.
But, these fuels contain other substances, as well as hydrocarbons.
What do impurities containing sulfur found in fuels do?

A

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air
But, these fuels contain other substances, as well as hydrocarbons
Impurities containing sulfur found in fuels cause major problems

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4
Q

What do all fossil fuels contain?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur

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5
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.

What does this do?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur

This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide

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6
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide.
What is this acidic gas?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide
This acidic gas is toxic

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7
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide.
This acidic gas is toxic.
What is this?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide
This acidic gas is toxic
This is bad for the environment

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8
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide.
This acidic gas is toxic.
Why is this bad for the environment?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide
This acidic gas is toxic
This is bad for the environment, as it is a cause of acid rain

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9
Q

What does acid rain do?

A

Acid rain:

  1. Damages trees, as well as killing animal and plant life in lakes
  2. Attacks buildings, especially those made of limestone and metal structures
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10
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide.
What can happen to the sulfur impurities in a fuel?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide
The sulfur impurities can be removed from a fuel before the fuel is burnt

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11
Q

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur.
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide.
The sulfur impurities can be removed from a fuel before the fuel is burnt.
Where does this happen?

A

All fossil fuels contain at least some sulfur
This reacts with oxygen when a fossil fuel is burned and forms a gas called sulfur dioxide
The sulfur impurities can be removed from a fuel before the fuel is burnt
This happens in:
1. Petrol and diesel for cars
2. Gas-fired power stations

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12
Q

The sulfur impurities can be removed from a fuel before the fuel is burnt.
This happens in:
1. Petrol and diesel for cars
2. Gas-fired power stations
How can sulfur dioxide also be removed from the waste or ‘flue’ gases in coal-fired power stations?

A

The sulfur impurities can be removed from a fuel before the fuel is burnt
This happens in:
1. Petrol and diesel for cars
2. Gas-fired power stations
In coal-fired power stations, sulfur dioxide can also be removed from the waste or ‘flue’ gases by reacting it with basic calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide

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13
Q

Where can pollutants from fossil fuel power stations, especially old coal-fired power stations be deposited?

A

Pollutants from fossil fuel power stations, especially old coal-fired power stations, can be deposited on land and waterways

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14
Q

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air.
But, these fuels contain other substances, as well as hydrocarbons.
Impurities containing sulfur found in fuels cause major problems.
What happens when fuel burns in a car engine?

A

All fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) produce carbon dioxide and water when they burn in plenty of air
But, these fuels contain other substances, as well as hydrocarbons
Impurities containing sulfur found in fuels cause major problems
When fuel burns in a car engine, even more pollution can be produced

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15
Q

What happens when any fuel containing carbon is burned?

A

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide

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16
Q

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide.
What is carbon dioxide?

A

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the air

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17
Q

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the air.
What does it do?

A

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the air
It absorbs energy released as radiation from the surface of the Earth

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18
Q

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the air.
It absorbs energy released as radiation from the surface of the Earth.
What do most scientists think?

A

When any fuel containing carbon is burned, it makes carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in the air
It absorbs energy released as radiation from the surface of the Earth
Most scientists think that this is causing global climate change

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19
Q

What happens when there is not enough oxygen inside an engine?

A

When there is not enough oxygen inside an engine, incomplete combustion occurs

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20
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Incomplete combustion is when a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product

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21
Q

When there is not enough oxygen inside an engine, incomplete combustion occurs.
What happens to all the carbon in the fuel?

A

When there is not enough oxygen inside an engine, incomplete combustion occurs
Instead of all the carbon in the fuel turning into carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO, is also formed

22
Q

When there is not enough oxygen inside an engine, incomplete combustion occurs.
Instead of all the carbon in the fuel turning into carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, CO, is also formed.
What is carbon monoxide?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas

It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in

23
Q

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in.
What do your red blood cells?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in
Your red blood cells pick up carbon monoxide and carry it around in your blood instead of oxygen

24
Q

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas.
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in.
Your red blood cells pick up carbon monoxide and carry it around in your blood instead of oxygen.
What does the carbon monoxide do?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in
Your red blood cells pick up carbon monoxide and carry it around in your blood instead of oxygen
The carbon monoxide takes up the sites on haemoglobin in the red blood cells that usually bond to oxygen

25
Q

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas.
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in.
Your red blood cells pick up carbon monoxide and carry it around in your blood instead of oxygen.
The carbon monoxide takes up the sites on haemoglobin in the red blood cells that usually bond to oxygen.
So what happens to a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas
It is colourless and odourless, so you cannot tell that you are breathing it in
Your red blood cells pick up carbon monoxide and carry it around in your blood instead of oxygen
The carbon monoxide takes up the sites on haemoglobin in the red blood cells that usually bond to oxygen
So a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning will become starved of oxygen, get drowsy, lose consciousness and then die if not removed from the source of the gas

26
Q

What do motor vehicles cause?

A

Motor vehicles cause air pollution

27
Q

Motor vehicles cause air pollution.

What are modern engines doing?

A

Motor vehicles cause air pollution

Modern engines are improving to meet governmental limits set for levels of different pollutants

28
Q

Motor vehicles cause air pollution.
Modern engines are improving to meet governmental limits set for levels of different pollutants.
However, what is there evidence of?

A

Motor vehicles cause air pollution
Modern engines are improving to meet governmental limits set for levels of different pollutants
However, there is evidence that the information on emissions published by some car manufacturers is unrealistically low

29
Q

Motor vehicles cause air pollution.
Modern engines are improving to meet governmental limits set for levels of different pollutants.
However, there is evidence that the information on emissions published by some car manufacturers is unrealistically low.
What is this because?

A

Motor vehicles cause air pollution
Modern engines are improving to meet governmental limits set for levels of different pollutants
However, there is evidence that the information on emissions published by some car manufacturers is unrealistically low
This is because their scientific tests are carried out in laboratories on roller tracks that do not resemble the conditions on real roads where higher levels of pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, are measured

30
Q

What does the high temperature inside an engine also allow?

A

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen

31
Q

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen.
What does this reaction make?

A

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen
This reaction makes nitrogen oxides

32
Q

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen.
This reaction makes nitrogen oxides.
What are nitrogen oxides?

A

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen
This reaction makes nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides are toxic and can trigger some people’s asthma

33
Q

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen.
This reaction makes nitrogen oxides.
Nitrogen oxides are toxic and can trigger some people’s asthma.
Like sulfur dioxide, what do nitrogen oxides also cause?

A

The high temperature inside an engine also allows the normally unreactive nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen
This reaction makes nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides are toxic and can trigger some people’s asthma
Like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides also cause acid rain

34
Q

What do diesel engines do?

A

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines

35
Q

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines.
What happens when these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine?

A

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely

36
Q

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines.
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely.
What happens?

A

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons are produced

37
Q

Particulates

A

Particulates are small solid particles given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel

38
Q

Nitrogen oxides

A

Nitrogen oxides are chemical compounds produced when high temperatures cause nitrogen gas in the air to react with oxygen
Nitrogen oxides are toxic and can cause acid rain

39
Q

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines.
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely.
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons are produced.
What do these particulates do?

A

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons are produced
These particulates get carried into the air

40
Q

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines.
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely.
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons are produced.
These particulates get carried into the air.
Where do they travel into?

A

Diesel engines burn hydrocarbons with bigger molecules than those in petrol engines
When these large molecules react with oxygen in an engine, they do not always burn completely
Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons are produced
These particulates get carried into the air
They travel into the upper atmosphere, reflecting sunlight back into space, causing global dimming

41
Q

Global dimming

A

Global dimming is a process that reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface
It is caused by particulates in the atmosphere reflecting light back into space before it can reach Earth

42
Q

Particulates are small solid particles given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel.
Particulates get carried into the air.
They travel into the upper atmosphere, reflecting sunlight back into space, causing global dimming.
What do scientists also think that they may do?

A

Particulates are small solid particles given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel
Particulates get carried into the air
They travel into the upper atmosphere, reflecting sunlight back into space, causing global dimming
Scientists also think that they may damage the cells in our lungs and even cause cancer

43
Q

Summary of combustion of fossil fuels: How are nitrogen oxides produced?

A

Summary:

Nitrogen oxides are produced, because of the oxidation of nitrogen gas in air at high temperatures in vehicle engines

44
Q

Summary of combustion of fossil fuels: How is carbon monoxide, CO, produced?

A

Summary:

Carbon monoxide is produced, because of the incomplete combustion (in limited supply of oxygen)

45
Q

Summary of combustion of fossil fuels: How are particulates produced?

A

Summary:

Particulates are produced, because of burning diesel

46
Q

Summary of combustion of fossil fuels: How is sulfur dioxide, SO2, produced?

A

Summary:

Sulfur dioxide is produced, because of the oxidation of sulfur impurities in fossil fuels

47
Q

Summary of combustion of fossil fuels: How is carbon dioxide produced?

A

Summary:

Carbon dioxide is produced, because of the complete combustion (with sufficient oxygen available)

48
Q

SMOG

A

Smog is a mixture of SMoke and fOG

49
Q

What can cause smog to be formed?

A

A combination of many cars in a small area and the right weather conditions can cause smog to be formed

50
Q

A combination of many cars in a small area and the right weather conditions can cause smog to be formed.
Smog is a mixture of SMoke and fOG.
What is some of the yellowish brown colouration caused by?

A

A combination of many cars in a small area and the right weather conditions can cause smog to be formed
Smog is a mixture of SMoke and fOG
Some of the yellowish brown colouration is caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide gas, NO2

GCSE Chemistry COPY (70 decks)

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