Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM SAM II > Urology & Nephrology > Flashcards

Urology & Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What % of CO do the kidneys receive?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the term for abnormal increase in concentration of non-protein nitrogenous waste in blood?

A

Azotemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At what % of damage of the nephrons do you see azotemia?

A

75% damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is an increase in PTH seen with renal disease?

A

PTH increases in renal dz patients because there is a decrease in Calcitriol production. Patient is in hypocalcemia at this point because not stimulating reabsorption in the gut- so the parathyroid gland will stimulate PTH production to help increase the vitamin D production.
PTH will also counterbalance the hyperphosphatemia due to the decreased excretion of P in the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the gold standard dx test for renal disease?

A

Scintigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The GFR is directly related to what?

A

Renal functional mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the four accurate GFR measurement methods?

A

Renal scintigraphy, creatinine clearance test, iohexal clearance and inulin clearance tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three indirect GFR measurement tests?

A

Serum urea/creatinine levels, cystatin C and SDMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is urea synthesized and excreted?

A

Synthesized: liver
Excreted: kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F:Urea is not a reliable estimate of GFR?

A

TRUE- influenced by diet, GI bleed and intravascular hemolysis (false positives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is creatinine synthesized by?

A

breakdown of creatinine phosphate in muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is creatinine dependent on?

A

Muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is creatinine a better indicator of GFR than urea?

A

Creatinine is excreted unchanged by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

At what % of renal damage does SDMA increase?

A

40% damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the best method of urine collection?

A

Cystocentesis-may cause some bleeding

17
Q

What is the gold standard concentration test?

A

Osmolality-measures # of particles in sediment

18
Q

What device is most commonly used to observe urine samples?

A

Refractometer- measures specific gravity

19
Q

What are 5 things the dipstick measures?

A

Protein, pH, blood, glucose and ketones

Pee pee by grass Kevin

20
Q

SpGr of 1.00-1.007 would be classified as what?

A

Hyposthenuria

21
Q

SpGr of 1.008-1.012 would be classified as what?

A

Isosthenuria

22
Q

SpGr of 1.013-1.030 would be classified as?

A

Minimally concentrated urine

23
Q

What is the normal spgr of dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: 1.030; Cats: 1.035

24
Q

Which breeds are cystine crystals typically observed in?

A

dachshund and bulldogs

25
Q

Bilirubin crystals are commonly observed in which breeds?

A

Bulldogs and Dalmatians

26
Q

When might you see false positive urine protein creatinine ratio?

A

LUTD

27
Q

What is the normal urine production?

A

1-2 ml/kg/hr

28
Q

This is seen more commonly in dogs and presents with unilateral renomegaly and rarely associated with azotemia

A

Renal carcinoma

29
Q

This is seen more in cats and affects both kidneys and is commonly associated with renal azotemia

A

Renal lymphoma

30
Q

What breed is pre-disposed to polycystic kidney disease?

A

Persian cats

bull terriers, cairn terriers and WHW terriers

31
Q

What are three hormones that the kidney produces and what do they do?

A

EPO- stimulates BM to produce more RBC
Calcitriol- stimulates reabsorption of Ca i the GI tract
Renin- stimulates activation of the RAAS pathway to ultimately increase water reabsorption

32
Q

What are three hormones that act on the kidney and what do they do?

A

Aldosterone- increase reabsorption of Na/H20 and excretes K
PTH- increases vitamin D production in the kidney
Vasopressin (ADH)- ADH activates aquaporin channels allowing water reabsorption

33
Q

What are the causes of pre-renal azotemia?

A

Dehydration, Addison’s, cardiac dz, shock and hypovolemia

34
Q

What are the causes of renal azotemia?

A

Parenchymal dz, infections, cysts, inflammation, neoplasia and toxins

35
Q

What are the causes of post-renal azotemia?

A

Blockage

36
Q

What is the normal pH of urine?

A

5.0-7.5

37
Q

What is the difference of gross, occult and pseudohematuria?

A

Gross: visualize blood with naked eye
Occult: hematuria present-not with naked eye
Pseudohematuria: red/brown urine w/ NO RBC (hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, chemicals)

38
Q

What is the most common cause of non-neoplastic cause or renomegaly?

A

Acute ureteral obstruction

39
Q

What are some different causes of non-neoplastic renomegaly?

A 
Renal inflammation
Amyloidosis
Hydronephrosis
PKD
PSS

RUSVM SAM II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions