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RUSVM SAM II > Oncology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Oncology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the 4th most common site of neoplasia in dogs and cats?

A

Oral tumors

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2
Q

What is the common signalment seen for oral tumors?

A

Male, middle aged dogs

Boxers, GSD, goldens, cockers, mini poodles, GSP, Gordon Setter, Chow and Weimaraner

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3
Q

What are the common presenting complaints for oral tumors?

A

Visible mass w/ oral bleeding, difficulty eating, halitosis

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4
Q

What are the ddx for dog/cat oral tumors?

A

Dogs: Melanoma, SCC, Fibrosarcoma
Cats: SCC, Fibrosarcoma

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5
Q

What is the preferred dx method for oral tumors?

A

Incisional biopsy

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6
Q

If the oral tumor is proliferative-what is the preferred dx method?

A

Shave biopsy

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7
Q

T/F: When obtaining a biopsy for oral tumors-it is okay to bx through the lip?

A

FALSE- never bx through the lip

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8
Q

What imaging modality is preferred for oral tumor dx?

A

CT

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9
Q

What is the classic pigment of malignant melanoma?

A

Black

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10
Q

T/F: Malignant melanoma can be amelanotic.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is the biggest point of sx failure for malignant melanoma patients?

A

systemic metastasis

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12
Q

T/F: SCC in dogs is locally invasive with a low rate of metastasis

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Where is the preference site for SCC in cats?

A

Sublingual site- you will notice the patient drooling, displaced tongue and very uncomfortable

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14
Q

What is the common signalment for fibrosarcoma in dogs?

A

Large breeds(Goldens & Labs) and younger animals

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15
Q

T/F: Fibrosarcomas are benign.

A

FALSE- these tumors present benign but are locally invasive

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16
Q

What sites should be checked for mets with fibrosarcoma?

A

Lungs and LN

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17
Q

What is the biggest point of sx failure in patients with fibrosarcoma?

A

recurrent dz after sx

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18
Q

Where do odontogenic tumors arise from?

A

Peridontal ligament- similar appearance to gingival hyperplasia

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19
Q

What are the three types of odontogenic tumors?

A

Acanthomatous ameloblastomas
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma
Feline inductive odontogenic tumor

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20
Q

What are the common breeds over represented for acanthomatous ameloblastomas and in what location?

A

Shetland and OE sheepdogs

Rostral mandible

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21
Q

T/F: Acanthomatous ameloblastomas are locally invasive with high risk of mets

A

FALSE- locally invasive with no mets

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22
Q

What is a common benign odontogenic tumor in dogs?

A

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma

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23
Q

T/F: Feline inductive odontogenic tumors are unique to young cats and are commonly located on the rostral maxilla

A

TRUE

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24
Q

What is the gold standard tx for oral tumors?

A

Aggressive sx excision

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25
Q

Which oral cancer is an exception to tx with aggressive sx excision?

A

Peripheral odontogenic firbromas-cryotherapy works well

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26
Q

T/F: The more caudal the mass the easier it is meaning that it has a better prognosis?

A

FALSE

Rostral mass –> easier to excise –> better prognosis

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27
Q

T/F: If a tumor crosses the midline of oral palate, poor prognosis

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Which oral tumors are responsive to RT?

A

SCC, melanoma, acanthomatous ameloblastoma, FSA

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29
Q

What are the four positive prognostic indicators for oral tumors?

A

Small tumors
Rostral location
Histologically resection
No evidence of preoperative mets

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30
Q

Which parasite can cause esophageal sarcomas?

A

Spirocerca lupi

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31
Q

What is the most common esophageal tumor?

A

SCC

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32
Q

Where is esophageal SCC in cats commonly located?

A

Middle 1/3 of esophagus caudal to thoracic inlet

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33
Q

What are the ddx of esophageal tumors?

A

Leiomyosarcoma, FSA, OSA

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34
Q

What are the two imaging modalities used for esophageal tumors?

A

Rads (dilation proximal to tumor) or positive contrast esophagram (stricture/mass effect)

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35
Q

What is the preferred tx for esophageal tumors?

A

Sx- best chance is low grade leiomyosarcomas

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36
Q

T/F: esophageal tumors have POOR prognosis

A

True

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37
Q

What can be used to treat secondary masses to S. lupi?

A

Droamectin

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38
Q

What are the breeds predisposed to gastric tumors?

A

Belgian shepherds & chows
Beagles=benign
MALES

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39
Q

What bacteria may play a role in development of chronic gastritis?

A

Helicobacter infection

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40
Q

What is the most common presenting complaint of patients with gastric tumors?

A

Anorexia

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41
Q

What are the ddx for dogs vs. cats with gastric tumors?

A

Dogs (BIG 2): Adenocarcinoma, Leiomyosarcoma

Cats (BIG 1): Lymphoma

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42
Q

What is the anatomical preference for gastric tumors?

A

Pyloric antrum/lesser curvature

HIGH MET RATES

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43
Q

What does gastric adenocarcinoma commonly look like?

A

Scirrhous (firm/white on serosal surface)

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44
Q

What are some dx tests that can be ran for patients suspected to have gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

Postive contrast gastrogram
Abdominal US
US guided FNA cytology
Endoscopy (preferred technique)

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45
Q

What is the predilection site for gastric ACA vs. leiomyomas?

A

ACA: pylorus
Leiomyomas: cardia

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46
Q

What is the recommended tx for gastric tumors?

A

Sx excision

Partial gastrectomy or gastroduodenostomy

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47
Q

What is the prognosis for gastric ACA?

A

poor prognosis- most dead within 6 mo. due to recurrence of dz

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48
Q

What factors does gastric tumor prognosis depend on?

A

Sx excision
Tumor type/grade
Presence of metastatic lesions

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49
Q

Which intestinal tumors are more common in dogs?

A

LI tumors > SI tumors

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50
Q

Which intestinal tumors are more common in cats?

A

SI tumors > LI tumors

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51
Q

Why is endoscopy not performed for intestinal tumors?

A

Scope will NOT allow access to jejunum and proximal ileum

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52
Q

What is the preferred dx modality used for intestinal tumors?

A

US guided FNA/cytology

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53
Q

What are the ddx for dogs vs. cat intestinal tumors?

A

Dogs: LSA, ACA, Leiomyosarcoma
Cats: LSA, ACA, MCT

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54
Q

What is the tx for intestinal tumors?

A

Exploratory laparotomy w/ sx excision via intestinal resection & anastamosis

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55
Q

What are the margins used for intestinal tumors?

A

4-8 cm (WIDE)

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56
Q

What is the MST for K9 intestinal LSA?

A

77 days

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57
Q

What are negative prognostic indicators for k9 intestinal LSA?

A

Failed to achieve remission or patients that had D+ at initial presentation

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58
Q

What are the negative prognostic factors for cats with intestinal ACA?

A

Histologic subtype and metastasis

  • Undifferentiated ACA- 4m vs. Tubular ACA-11 m
  • mets have worse prognosis
  • lack of omental spread has better prognosis
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59
Q

Where do gastrointestinal stromal tumors arise from?

A

Originate from interstitial cells of Cajal- Pacemaker cells of GI tract

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60
Q

What is the predilection site for gastrointestinal stromal tumors?

A

Cecum

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61
Q

What are the ddx for chest wall tumors?

A

OSA and CSA

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62
Q

What is the test used to stage chest wall tumors?

A

Open wedge biopsy

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63
Q

What is the tx for chest wall tumors?

A

En bloc excision w/ chest wall reconstruction (max excision=6)

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64
Q

T/F: Adjunctive chemotherapy is recommended in dogs w/ rib OSA?

A

TRUE

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65
Q

What should always be placed prior to complete chest wall reconstruction?

A

Thoracostomy tube

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66
Q

Why is it important that we differentiate between OSA and CSA?

A

CSA has a MUCH longer MST compared to OSA

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67
Q

What are the predisposed breeds to lung tumors?

A

Boxer, doberman, irish setter, bernese MD, australian shepherd

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68
Q

What is a unique CS to cats with lung tumors?

A

LAMENESS

Lung digit syndrome- lung tumor mets to toes (weight bearing digits & 3rd phalanx)

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69
Q

What are the ddx for lung tumors in cats and dogs?

A

CARCINOMAS
Dogs: Carcinoma and histiocytic sarcoma
Cats: Bronchial ACA

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70
Q

Which lung lobes are more commonly affected in dogs?

A

Caudal lobes

71
Q

What are the three radiographic presentations of lung tumors in cats?

A

Mixed bronchoalveolar pattern
III- defined alveolar mass
Pulmonary mass w/ cavitation

72
Q

What are the positive prognostic indicators of lung tumors in dogs?

A

< 5 cm, peripheral, absence of CS, lack of mets and lack of vascular/lymphatic invasion

73
Q

What is the most important prognostic indicator in cats with lung tumors?

A

Histologic grade
Poor differentiation: 2.5 m
Well differentiation: 23 m

74
Q

T/F: Presence of pleural effusion is a negative prognostic factor in cats with lung tumors?

A

TRUE

75
Q

What is caval syndrome?

A

Cranial mediastinal tumor invasion into the cranial vena cava
Edema builds up in head, neck & forelimbs due to impairment of venous return to R atrium

76
Q

What are the ddx for cranial mediastinal tumors?

A

LSA (most common) or thymoma

77
Q

What is found on a cytology of cranial mediastinal tumors?

A

Large # of small mature lymphocytes and intermittent mast cells

78
Q

What is the gold standard tx for thymoma?

A

Surgical tx- exploratory thoracotomy or median sternotomy

79
Q

What is the MST in dogs and cats w/ thymoma?

A

Dogs: 790 days
Cats: 1,825

80
Q

What is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs/cats?

A

OSA

81
Q

What is the typical signalment for K9 OSA patients?

A

Large-giant breed, male

Rotties, great dane, irish wolfhound, greyhound

82
Q

T/F: The chances of developing OSA in a k9 patient are doubled when gonadectomized

A

TRUE

83
Q

What are the ddx of K9 appendicular cancer?

A

OSA and CSA

Infectious-Coccidioides immitis “Valley Fever”

84
Q

What is the main difference in a patient with a fungal infection vs. tumor?

A

Fungal infection patients are systemically ill

85
Q

T/F: Hind limbs are more commonly infected compared to forelimbs

A

FALSE- forelimbs 2X more affected than pelvic limbs

86
Q

What are the common anatomical sites OSA is found?

A

Distal radius and proximal humerus

Away from elbow, towards the knee

87
Q

What are some rad appearances of a patient with OSA?

A

Cortical lysis-Hallmark sign
Lack of distinct border between normal & abnormal
Periosteal proliferation w/ extension into soft tissue
DOES NOT CROSS JOINTS

88
Q

What are two different dx procedures that can be performed for OSA?

A

FNA/Cytology

Bone bx

89
Q

What is the instrument used for bone bx?

A

Jam Shedi

90
Q

What is the gold standard for local management of primary bone tumors?

A

Limb amputation

91
Q

What are the techniques used for thoracic and pelvic limb local control?

A

Thoracic: forequarter technique
Pelvic: coxofemoral disarticulation technique

92
Q

What should be performed if there is a proximal femoral OSA lesion present?

A

Aggressive sx- en bloc acetabulectomy or subtotal hemipelvectomy

93
Q

What are indications for limb salvage sx?

A

Severe osteoarthritis, neurologic dz, morbid obesity

94
Q

What are the three chemo drugs used for OSA?

A

Cisplatin, Carboplatin, doxorubicin

95
Q

What do bisphosphonates do in OSA patients?

A

Inhibit osteoclastic bone resoprtion

Zoledronate and pamidronate

96
Q

What is the MST for a patient with OSA who underwent palliative tx?

A

analgesia:1-3 months
RT: 4-10 months

97
Q

What is the MST for a patient with OSA who underwent sx tx?

A

MST: 4-6 mo.

98
Q

What is the MST for a patient with OSA who underwent sx tx w/ chemo?

A

8-12 mo.

99
Q

What is the predilection site for feline OSA?

A

Diaphysis- more commonly affecting pelvic limbs

Distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal humerus

100
Q

T/F: Feline OSA is less aggressive than K9 OSA with a slower growth rate and less chance of mets

A

TRUE

101
Q

What is the MST of feline OSA patients?

A

24-49 mo.

102
Q

What is the most common cutaneous tumor in dogs?

A

MCT

103
Q

What is the common signalment for MCT patients?

A

Dogs:8-9 yrs. old; brachy breeds (boxer, bull terrier, boston terrier, bulldog)
Cats: 8-9 yrs., SIAMESE

104
Q

T/F: Boxers and brachycephalic dogs are predisposed for MCT but have a low grade and less aggressive form

A

TRUE

105
Q

What can MCT commonly be mistaken for?

A

Lipomas

106
Q

What is the name for the erythema and swelling of the skin of a MCT patient?

A

Darier’s sign

107
Q

What can you use to premedicate a patient with a MCT before sx?

A

H1 Antagonist- prevent platelet degranulation, anaphylaxis and hypotension

108
Q

T/F: MCT will metastasize to the lungs

A

FALSE

109
Q

Which type of MCT found in cats can spontaneously regress over 4-24 mo. and is found in young Siamese cats?

A

Histiocytic MCT

110
Q

What are the two grading systems used for MCT?

A

Patnick 3-tier system (grades I, II, III)

Kiupel 2-tier system (low vs. high grade)

111
Q

What stain is used for the cytologic grading of MCT?

A

May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain

112
Q

What chemotherapy agents are used for MCT?

A

Pred/Vinblastine

113
Q

What locations of MCT typically do worse?

A

Subungual, oral or other mm’s
Preputial & Scrotal
Visceral or BM

114
Q

What is the most common hematopoietic tumor?

A

Lymphoma

115
Q

What is the most common anatomical classification of lymphoma?

A

Multicentric

116
Q

Which is the less aggressive form- lymphoblastic or lymphocytic?

A

Lymphocytic- slow growth with a low met rate

117
Q

Which form is better to have- B cell or T cell lymphoma?

A

B-cell

B-cell is always better, T-Cell is terrible

118
Q

What is the most common form of lymphoma in cats?

A

Alimentary/gastrointestinal form

119
Q

What is the difference of substage a vs. substage b multicentric nodal lymphoma?

A

Substage a: clinically healthy

Substage b: lethargy, weakness and other CS

120
Q

What are the sites used for bone marrow aspirate in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: greater tubercle of humerus and iliac crest
Cats: femoral intertrochanteric fossa

121
Q

T/F: Clinical pathologists can dx lymphoma in dogs with FNA?

A

TRUE

122
Q

What treatment method for K9 lymphoma has the highest success rate?

A

Multi-agent chemotherapy

CHOP- cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, prednisolone

123
Q

What tx method for feline lymphoma has the highest success rate?

A

Multi-agent chemotherapy

COP- cyclophosphamide, oncovin, prednisolone

124
Q

If relapse of lymphoma occurs over 2 months post chemo what should you do?

A

re-induction of previous chemo drug

125
Q

If relapse of lymphoma occurs less than 2 months post chemo what should you do?

A

Rescue chemotherapy

126
Q

What is defined as immature lymphoblastic neoplasia of the bone marrow?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

127
Q

What is defined as a proliferation of phenotypical mature lymphocytes in bone marrow?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

128
Q

What proteins are associated with multiple myeloma?

A

Bence jones proteins

129
Q

what is the most common bladder tumor?

A

TCC

130
Q

What is the most common non-neoplastic ddx for bladder tumors?

A

Polypoid cystitis

131
Q

What are some possible Etx of bladder tumors?

A

Topical insecticide & herbicide exposure
Environmental pollution
Obesity

132
Q

Which breed is predisposed to TCC?

A

Scottish terriers

133
Q

What can be don to reduce the risk of TCC in dogs?

A

Feeding vegetables (carrots) at least 3x a week

134
Q

T/F: Fipronil products have no correlation to TCC in dogs?

A

TRUE

135
Q

What anatomical site is K9 TCC most commonly found?

A

Trigone of bladder

136
Q

What specific type of urine collection should be used in a TCC patient

A

Traumatic catheterization

137
Q

What are the three dx modalities used for TCC and what is the most preferred method?

A

Cystosonography- most preferred
Cystoscopy w/ bx
CADET BRAF Mutation Detection Assay

138
Q

What is “field effect” in terms of TCC?

A

Entire bladder lining is thought to undergo malignant change in response to carcinogens in urine

139
Q

What are the tx methods for TCC?

A 
Partial cystectomy w. localized bladder neoplasia
Laser ablation
Cystostomy tube/transurethral stenting
NSAIDs
Chemotherapy- Mitoxantrone w/ piroxicam
140
Q

What is the common signalment for K9 mammary tumors?

A

Females, 7-13 yrs. old
Pointers, Irish Setter, Brittany Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel, Lab, G pyrenees, Samoyed, Airedale Terrier, Mini/Toy Poodle, Dachshund & Keeshond

141
Q

What is the common signalment for feline mammary tumors?

A

3rd most common tumor

Siamese, 10-12 yrs.

142
Q

What is inflammatory carcinoma?

A

Unique and aggressive variant of mammary gland tumors
CS: pain, anorexia, wt. loss, generalized weakness, PU/PD
Diffuse swelling and poor demarcation between normal/abnormal tissue
POOR sx candidates- POOR prognosis

143
Q

T/F: The risk of developing mammary gland tumors in cats is 7x higher when intact

A

TRUE

OHE before 6 mo. has a 91% reduction rate

144
Q

How can you reduce the risk of mammary tumors in dogs?

A

OHE before first estrus cycle

145
Q

T/F: FNA and cytology has high potential for false negatives with mammary gland tumors

A

TRUE

146
Q

What are the margins for a simple lumpectomy vs. a mastectomy?

A

Simple lumpectomy: <0.5 cm, moveable and B9

Mastectomy: >1 cm, fixed or moveable

147
Q

What are the MST for the following tumor sizes in cats:
<2 cm
2-3 cm
>3 cm

A

<2 cm: 3 yr
2-3 cm: 2 yr
> 3cm: 6 m
SIZE MATTERS

148
Q

What are the prognosis for the following tumor sizes in dogs:
< 3cm
> 5 cm

A

< 3 cm: better prognosis
> 5 cm: worse prognosis
SIZE DOESN’T MATTER- LN involvement=BAD

149
Q

What is the second most common K9 repro tumor?

A

Vaginal tumor- majority are B9 and smooth muscle origin

150
Q

What is the most common malignant vaginal tumor?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

151
Q

What are the presenting complaints of a patient with vaginal tumor?

A

Visible protruding mass (most common)

Vaginal discharge, hematuria, dysuria, tenesmus & excessive licking of vulva

152
Q

What is needed to make a definitive dx of a vaginal tumor?

A

histopathology

153
Q

What is the treatment for B9 vs. malignant vaginal tumor?

A

B9: conservative sx resection w/ exploratory laparotomy for OHE
Malignant: complete vulvovaginectomy & perineal urethrostomy

154
Q

What is the most common tumor of male genitalia?

A

Testicular tumors

155
Q

What are the predisposed breeds for testicular tumors?

A

Boxer, GSD, Weimaraner, Afghan, Collie, SHeltie & Maltese

156
Q

What are the three ddx for testicular tumors?

A

Interstitial cell tumor (interstitial cells of leydig)
Seminoma (germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules)
Sertoli cell tumor (sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules)

157
Q

What is the common signalment for soft tissue sarcomas?

A

Middle-aged to older patients

Large breed dogs

158
Q

What variant of soft tissue sarcomas tends to develop in younger dogs?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

159
Q

What are the common features of a soft tissue sarcoma?

A

Pseudo-encapsulated soft to firm masses w/ poor margins
Local recurrence is common
Hematogenous route of mets

160
Q

What kind of bx is performed for soft tissue sarcomas?

A

True cut/wedge (not punch since hypodermal)

161
Q

What are negative prognostic factors for soft tissue sarcomas?

A

Large tumor size
Incomplete margins
High histologic tumor grade

162
Q

What vaccines were associated with feline injection site sarcomas?

A

Killed RV and FeLV vaccines

163
Q

What is the suspected problem that could’ve led to the feline injection site sarcomas?

A

Suspected aluminum adjuvant in vaccine contributing to massive inflammatory rxn leads to uncontrolled fibroblast & myofibroblast proliferation and eventual tumor formation

164
Q

T/F: You can perform and excisional bx for feline injection site sarcomas

A

FALSE- incisional bx should be performed

165
Q

What is the margin recommendation for feline injection site sarcomas?

A

sx excision w/ 5 cm radial margins & 2 muscle planes deep
Recurrence rate- 14%

166
Q

T/F: Primary tumors of the liver are more common than metastasized tumors in dogs

A

FALSE- true for cats

167
Q

What are the 4 categories of primary tumors?

A

Hepatocellular
Bile duct
Neuroendocrine
Mesenchymal

168
Q

What morphological primary hepatobiliary tumor is most frequently seen?

A

Massive- large solitary masses confined to a single liver lobe

169
Q

What is the most common primary liver tumor in dogs?

A

HCC

170
Q

Which liver lobe accounts for 75% of hepatocellular tumors?

A

L sided lobe

171
Q

What is the malignant and B9 bile duct neoplasia in dogs?

A

B9: bile duct adenoma
Malignant: bile duct carcinoma

172
Q

Which bile duct neoplasia represents more than 50% of all feline hepatobiliary tumors?

A

Bile duct adenoma

173
Q

Trematode infestation is a risk factor for what neoplasia in dogs and cats?

A

Bile duct carcinoma

RUSVM SAM II (15 decks)

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