7 Globalisation

Question 1

How can we define globalisation?

Answer 1

The process by which the world becomes increasingly politically, economically and ideologically interconnected and interdependent

Question 2

What makes globalisation a distinct trend in recent history?

Answer 2

Not about domination or colonialism, but about interdependence

Question 3

How does liberalism react to globalisation?

Answer 3

Generally sees it as a good thing - the product of increased human collaboration and linear historical progress

Question 4

How does conservatism react to globalisation?

Answer 4

Depends on the branch of conservatism. Neoconservatism remains predisposed to “spheres of influence” and interventionism, whereas neoliberal “New Right” conservatism adapts better to the free market globalisation creates

Question 5

Which book epitomises the mood at the end of the 20th century? Quote?

Answer 5

Francis Fukuyama - The End Of History and the Last Man (1992)

1989 NOT FROM THE BOOK - Fukuyama - “an unabashed victory of political and economic liberalism”

Question 6

Who was Fukuyama taking heed of with his historicism?

Answer 6

Certainly elements of Hegel, but mostly Marxian historicism - the idea that history is a journey of progressively more complex and benevolent political enlightenment

Question 7

What did Fukuyama mean by “the end of history”?

Answer 7

The end of sociological progress, but obviously not of events or internecine conflicts - just the end of sociological evolution

Question 8

What key features does Blairism bring to the politics course?

Answer 8

1. Liberal emphasis on education
2. Collaboration with, rather than direction of, private enterprise. A step further than Crosland
3. Idea that class is dead - the “Mondeo man”
4. Representing a wide range of Brits, not just the working class base of the Labour Party

Question 9

3 contextual facts for Giddens?

Answer 9

1. Giddens works at the LSE, and founded a publishing house called Policy Press
2. Became a Labour peer in 2004
3. 1995 - the abandonment of Clause IV

Question 10

What key trend do we associate with Giddens’ thought and key quote?

Answer 10

“Embourgeoisement”

In 1995, there were more mortgage accounts than trade union members

Question 11

What did Giddens describe the economy as?

Answer 11

“Post-Fordist”

Question 12

3 philosophical movements Giddens addresses in his work?

Answer 12

1. Reacts against neoliberalism, but also sees Keynesianism as flawed, focussed excessively on economic affairs
2. Becomes associated with Third Way socialism and revisionism
3. Giddens is primarily a sociologist, indeed the most cited sociologist in history. Keep this in mind.

Question 13

4 views of Giddens on human nature?

Answer 13

1. Human nature has been shaped and changed by socioeconomic conditions. It is flexible as Marx and Engels theorised
2. Humans seek fulfilment from the community of which they are a part, and seek to emulate the behaviours of others. In the absence of economic classes, people emulate their elites
3. Humans seek to self-actualise. But in the atomised society which neoliberalism has created, this is nearly impossible in an authentic way
4. Infrastructure needs to be created to allow humans to “self-actualise”, which is their ultimate goal

Question 14

4 views of Giddens on society?

Answer 14

1. Embourgeoisement characterises post-Keynesian Western society, with changes to production processes and the dissolution of class disseminating previously elite attitudes and preferences amongst the general population
2. Whilst free market capitalism had an unprecedented ability to make people better off, it’s association with an atomised society was unnecessary and excessive. A degree of TRIANGULATION was permissible
3. People have a tendency to seek to emulate the behaviours of others. In the absence of large economic classes, those which dominated the last century, people found this emulation increasingly tied to capitalist elites. A triangulation, where society was placed front and centre, was necessary
4. Education lies at the centre of improving outcomes, since collective identity is less important

Question 15

3 views of Giddens on the state?

Answer 15

1. The state should fund greater public expenditure, particularly on education, using tax revenues from greater inequality
2. But the Third Way will draw on free market capitalism more than ever
3. Power should be decentralised, with communities the focus - rejection of the socialist leviathan

Question 16

What was Gidden’s view on inequality?

Answer 16

Greater equality of opportunity was needed, but this might create greater inequality of outcome. Nevertheless, this inequality will create tax revenues

Question 17

What was the role of education in Giddens’ view?

Answer 17

Prepare citizens for the “knowledge economy”

Question 18

What did Giddens describe his theory as?

Answer 18

The Third Way

Question 19

What was Giddens’ approach to private enterprise, simply encapsulated?

Answer 19

Spending, not ownership

Question 20

What was the role of community in Giddens’ model?

Answer 20

In a post-Fordist society, communities were needed to replace the collapse of industrial platoons

Question 21

4 views of Giddens on the economy?

Answer 21

1. CAPITALISM WAS INEVITABLE
2. The free market allocates resources more efficiently than the state. But the state should not accept all the hangers-on of free market capitalism as in neoliberalism.
3. Individuals have never had it so good as under capitalism. It’s virtues should not be understated for ideological reasons
4. Tax revenues should be the main way the state deals with private sector wealth.

Question 22

How had socialism done an about face on historicism by the time Giddens is writing?

Answer 22

Marx says socialism is inevitable, but Giddens writes that capitalism is. Strange.

Question 23

What, for Giddens, is the main advantage of neoliberalism?

Answer 23

With the huge tax revenues generated, the UK Government can fill the gaps, as it were, in society

Question 24

Where, importantly, does Giddens go further than Crosland?

Answer 24

Keynesianism is obsolete, according to Giddens, a key development from Crosland

Question 25

2 key works of Giddens?

Answer 25

1. 1994 Beyond Left and Right 2. 1997 The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (after New Labour)

Question 26

What, according to Giddens, was the chief aim of human nature? Quote?

Answer 26

Self-actualisation - this is harder because of the end of class restricting people's ability to model themselves on others "The individualisation of society might result in less individualism"

Question 27

How does Giddens build on Rawls?

Answer 27

The idea of equality of opportunity - though lacking the completeness of Rawls' work, it is evident from Giddens' thought that greater equality of opportunity was necessary.

Question 28

Does Giddens write before or after the 1997 election?

Answer 28

After

Question 29

How does the Iraq War challenge the Fukuyama model of the globalised world?

Answer 29

Apparent downsides of liberal hegemony become more evident - Richard Seymour points out the obvious contradictions

Question 30

How does the neoconservative order challenge the idea that states have become increasingly liberal over time?

Answer 30

Increased surveillance and repression of protest could be indicative of a certain apathy to the basic tenet of a liberal state - that the state exists to promote individual action and not to eclipse it

Question 31

Habeas corpus

Answer 31

"You must bring the body" The legal principle that stipulates that jailers have a burden of proof for imprisoning someone - that someone who is imprisoned must be accountable to court for trial

Question 32

What recent development in technology could be argued to have served to boost individualism as per liberal ideology?

Answer 32

The widespread adoption of social media

Question 33

What does recent research into racism suggest about human nature?

Answer 33

Ibram X. Kendi's How to Be an Antiracist - optimistic about potential for change. Ideas about race are inculcated early e.g. 1954 Doll Studies. But these behaviours are flexible. By acknowledging our biases, we may overcome them. Optimism

Question 34

What fundamentally does Kendi identify? Who is he building on here?

Answer 34

That intersectional overlapping of racial and sexual prejudice, amongst all other kinds of prejudice, create a thicket of compound prejudices, many of which are greater in magnitude than the sum of their parts. bell hooks

Question 35

2 pieces of context for bell hooks?

Answer 35

1. Born Gloria Jean Watkins. Like many black intellectuals such as Malcolm X, she abandons her surname because it derives from that of a slaveowner. She took the name of her grandmother, Bell Hooks, describing her decision as based around the fact that her grandmother was fierce 2. Born into relative poverty in a racially segregated Kentucky. Experiences integrated education

Question 36

What is the main philosophical movement bell hooks reacts to?

Answer 36

The 20th century second-wave feminist movement, with its predominantly white makeup

Question 37

What did bell hooks say was the double whammy facing black women?

Answer 37

"Imperialist White Supremacist Capitalist Patriarchy"

Question 38

3 views of bell hooks on human nature?

Answer 38

1. Patriarchy has taught women to hate themselves and each other. Much like Greer's idea 2. Humans have the potential for "love" 3. "Feminist masculinity" ambition in her final years - suggests human nature is flexible

Question 39

How could hooks' personal context underline her optimism about human nature's potential for improvement and enlightenment?

Answer 39

bell hooks is a lifelong teacher, teaching at several universities. She is more likely to believe that education can improve one's understanding

Question 40

4 views of bell hooks on society?

Answer 40

1. Oppressive networks interlock due to intersectionality, making societal oppression complicated 2. Love is a powerful force which can overcome the intersectional barriers different minority groups find themselves interweaved by 3. Emphasis on the power of empathy and communication - nothing in her theory that suggests that men are innately the enemy 4. "FEMINIST MASCULINITY" is an example of her emphasis on communication and dialogue

Question 41

3 views of bell hooks on the state?

Answer 41

1. The state reflects the dominant position within society of white men 2. Present Western liberal states still contained elements of imperialism 3. Democratic socialist state should intervene, e.g. via affirmative action. But it must be sure to tackle all forms of oppression simultaneously

Question 42

Key bell hooks quote which reveals her method of campaigning?

Answer 42

"Feminism is for everybody"

Question 43

3 views of bell hooks on the economy?

Answer 43

1. Poverty, like race or gender, is a cause of oppression. The feminist movement must not overlook the economic problems of working class women, who so often have been overlooked by the feminist movement 2. Ain't I A Woman (1981) - addresses how much worse off black women are than other white women, and how this could worsen inequality 3. Capitalism is incompatible with feminism

Question 44

What effect does bell hooks believe capitalism has on self-worth?

Answer 44

Makes people see themselves as commodities and is hence dehumanising

Question 45

Key quote which shows inclusive nature of bell hooks' thought?

Answer 45

"To be 'feminist' in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns"

Question 46

Quote of bell hooks which echoes Greer?

Answer 46

"Females can achieve self-actualisation and success without dominating one another"

Question 47

Why does bell hooks describe the oppression black women face as the imperialist-white-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchy?

Answer 47

To highlight the overlapping nature of oppression facing women

Question 48

What term does bell hooks apply as an educationalist that can help us to understand her beliefs?

Answer 48

Pedagogy Means learning through application, rather than being taught unilaterally. hooks was always keen to emphasise that everyone had the facility for critical thought and should be empowered to use it. LIBERAL LIBERAL LIBERAL

Question 49

Who may have inspired hooks and how?

Answer 49

Kimberle Crenshaw A critical race theorist who pioneered intersectionality

Question 50

Feminism 25 markers are either formatted as...

Answer 50

METHODS or AIMS questions Ensure you IDENTIFY WHICH ONE YOU ARE ANSWERING!

Question 51

How did 2008 influence political views?

Answer 51

1. Global central banks were forced to provide emergency liquidity to their financial sectors, which many saw as a waste of public funds 2. The Tea Party emerged on the right, condemning the bloat of the international financial system and its effect on government finances 3. The Occupy movement emerged on the left, with the Occupy Wall Street encampment channelling the rage of the 99% 4. Obama was elected

Question 52

4 examples of how the left has reacted against the financial crisis?

Answer 52

1. Bernie Sanders 2. Francois Hollande 3. PASOK 4. Corbyn's Labour

Question 53

Facts about Francois Hollande as a reaction against the Financial Crisis?

Answer 53

Socialist President of France

Question 54

How did Corbyn and his allies react to the financial crisis?

Answer 54

Old Labour policies - but popular amongst the young. Vote share surges to 40% in 2017

Question 55

What does PASOK encapsulate and why does it fail?

Answer 55

Left-wing populism as a reaction to the Financial Crisis 2014 - forced to adopt ECB austerity measures

Question 56

p21 but also KATE MILLETT