Textbook Liberalism Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Evidence liberalism is the most important ideology?
A
2000 UN survey - almost 2/3 of countries worldwide are liberal democracies, a seven-fold increase since 1945. Although some caveats on this evaluation are necessary given recent political development
2
Q
Where does liberalism fundamentally emerge?
A
- The Reformation - increased trust in individual’s rationality and self-expression
- WHICH BECAME The Enlightenment - extending those notions into the secular and political world
3
Q
3 key features of the Enlightenment that fostered early classical liberalism?
A
- Reason and scrutiny
- Individual sovereignty and judgement should form the basis of people’s lives
- The social contract should be re-examined and individuals should do better out of it
4
Q
What hegemony did Locke challenge?
A
- Autocracy as the “natural” form of government
- That these autocrats were validated by God
- There was hence a Divine Right of Kings which held that the divinely-appointed God’s judgement must be automatically accepted
5
Q
Mechanistic theory
A
Locke’s most enduring legacy - the fundamental theory that individuals should create a political system for themselves based on reason rather than tradition or superstition
6
Q
Why is mechanistic theory so named?
A
Individuals are capable of constructing a state like a machine which serves their purposes - the “mechanism” reflects their wants and needs
7
Q
The Father of Liberalism
A
John Locke
8
Q
Locke magnum opus
A
1690 Two Treatises on Government
9
Q
First Treatise of Locke’s Treatise?
A
Addressing Robert Filmer’s Der Patriarcha and condemning its overly conservative attitude
10
Q
Second Treatise of Locke’s Treatise?
A
Essays on the nature of a liberal state and liberalism
11
Q
What was the key thing that Locke rejected?
A
The idea that the states themselves were divinely sanctioned. Whilst Locke believed in a God and did not dispute the idea that this God had a plan, he nevertheless disputed the idea that this God had created the feudal states that dotted the Europe of his day with explicit sanctioning of their ruling aristocracy
12
Q
The “legitimate” state for Locke is one which arises…
A
From the consent of those it seeks to govern ONLY
13
Q
3 Locke views on the state?
A
- State is not a part of God’s creation
- People are not subjects of the state with a quasi-religious obligation to the state
- The legitimate state was that which was created by mankind to serve mankind’s interests
14
Q
What was Locke’s key view about society and human nature and why is it important to always remember this?
A
That the state of nature had “laws of nature to govern it”, that law being “reason”, and that there was hence a “natural law”, a “natural justice” and “natural rights”
Therefore, any state MUST by nature be minimal. Because it is improving on an essentially tolerable situation and simply seeking to improve the efficiency of a situation
15
Q
“State of law”
A
The state which was created to govern the aforementioned state of nature
16
Q
2 key things a Lockean state HAD to include, structurally?
A
- Enumerated constitutional checks and balances, to ensure that citizens natural rights were preserved
- As explicit as possible a social contract between the governed and the state
17
Q
What was the reciprocal agreement implicit in Locke’s social contract theory?
A
Citizens had agreed to live under a state of law only so long as the state of law made their material circumstances better
18
Q
Limited government
A
A key idea of the state which goes back to Locke - the state should be checked and limited by law to prevent it from violating natural rights
19
Q
Example of limited government in practice?
A
Separation of powers e.g. as in the US system of government
20
Q
State of nature
A
A concept used by both Locke and Hobbes to envisage the kind of gap the state was supposed to fill
21
Q
4 views of liberals on human nature
A
- Rational
- Egotistical
- Progressive
- Optimistic
22
Q
Egotistical individualism and eval?
A
A key term which describes the classically liberal belief that human beings are naturally drawn to the advancement of their own selfish interests
Later becomes the preserve of the New Right
23
Q
How does egotistical individualism practically work?
A
Whilst individuals are drawn to pursuing their own selfish interests, this needn’t come at the expense of others, since rational individuals will be able to reconcile their selfishness with accommodating others
24
Q
The 3 things that egotistical individualism believes that human nature seeks?
A
- Self-realisation => we discover who we are
- Self-determination => we are sovereign and can attribute our successes to our own effort
- Self-fulfilment => we fully utilise our natural rights and innate rationality
25
Example of how ideas surrounding egotistical individualism have remained constant throughout liberal history?
1. John Locke based it narrowly around property and the acquirement thereof. But TH Green introduced a social dimension to our self-fulfilment
2. Wollstonecraft and Friedan, two liberal feminists, identified the fact that existing patriarchal states and societies disempowered women from self-realising as a key argument in favour of greater equality
26
Quote about how liberal views on human nature, notably that individuals seek self-fulfilment, have also been fundamental to feminism?
Women suffered the "suffocating sense that the natural urge to feel happy and fulfilled was denied" - lack of liberal self-fulfilment has its consequences
27
Why is Wollstonecraft considered a liberal?
Her arguments for feminism are rooted in a defence of liberal individualism which takes a lot from Locke
28
Main claim of Wollstonecraft?
The Enlightenment's claim that we are all rational and guided by reason should extend to all people, not just men
29
What did Wollstonecraft identify as the problem for women?
The state and society denied that women and men were equal, which was a violation of women's natural rights in a liberal society
30
What did Wollstonecraft identify as the economic consequence of the fettering of female individualism in an unequal society? Quote?
Reduced stock of intelligence and smaller labour force
"Such arrangements are not conditions where reason and progress may prosper"
31
What did Wollstonecraft support?
Both the American Revolution and the French Revolution. She moves to Paris after the latter
32
Where can Wollstonecraft's views on the state and the ideal society be found?
A Vindication of the Rights of Men 1790 - largely liberal perspective, defending the institutions put in place in revolutionary France
33
What did Wollstonecraft say about women themselves and a key takeaway?
Women were complicit in their own oppression, using what liberal choice they had to opt for marriage and domination
She advocated education reform to try and reverse this
34
Why is the extent to which humans are rational a key differentiator for conservative and liberal thinkers?
Liberal thinkers generally assume that individuals are rational enough to avoid blatantly self-destructive acts which involve needlessly harming others, because we realise that in the long-run this would harm us. However, conservatives emphasise this may not always be true, with their being occasions when harming someone is in a person's long-term interest. And they also point out that humans are nevertheless not completely rational.
35
What in the liberal view of human nature guards against callous selfishness?
Rationality - we have the foresight to know that such selfishness would ultimately be self-destructive in the long-run
36
Do liberals believe that human nature is fixed? Who expresses this best?
Generally, no, with increasing rationality and discovery giving increasing scope for rationality
JSM - developmental individualism - people can unlock their full potential only via training and education
37
What does optimism mean in the context of liberal views on human nature?
Not that human nature is perfect, but that it is possible to achieve consensus solutions to common problems. There is no use, like conservatives imply, languishing in self-pity and abandoning hope
38
Is liberal optimism in human nature isolated in political thought?
No - see socialism for another example
39
3 liberal views of society?
NIT
1. Natural society, which predates the state
2. Individualistic society of egotistical and rational individuals
3. Tolerance
40
How can we encapsulate the liberal idea of a natural society and who argued this?
1. The society predates the state. Unlike in Hobbes' vision, no state is necessary to create a society
2. This society contains natural rights, laws and justice
Locke
41
3 liberals who have emphasised how liberal societies should be focussed on individual self-realisation?
1. John Stuart Mill - the state should provide the bare necessities for an individualistic society
2. Mary Wollstonecraft - denial of rights to women stifled their self-realisation
3. Betty Friedan - patriarchy and ongoing discrimination were at odds with liberal individualism, and that affirmative action was acceptable to overcome this
42
When liberals talk about an individualistic society, who do they tend to be particularly concerned about? Examples?
Those minorities who might find the stifling attitudes of an oppressive society a barrier to their self-fulfilment
1. Religious nonconformists in Locke's time
2. Women in 18th/19th/20th century and Wollstonecraft/Mill/Friedan respectively
3. Recent developments such as transgender individuals and Shon Faye
43
3 components of individualism
Maximise:
1. Self-fulfilment
2. Self-realisation
3. Self-determination
44
Why do liberals believe a tolerant society is necessary?
It is surely impossible to achieve the aims of an individualistic society without tolerance of different minority viewpoints
45
Which liberal thinker do we most associate with tolerance and why?
Mill
Creation of the "harm principle" - state must not legislate against anything unless it causes harm
46
What key flaw is there in liberal tolerance and what does it lead to?
What happens if someone's freedom to do impinges upon someone else's freedom? Mill and the idea of consensus through education - "higher and lower" pleasures
47
Who was Mill related to?
His father, James Mill, was a leading utilitarian
48
The MOST enduring idea of Mill, which underlines the rest of his work, be it the harm principle or rule utilitarianism, is...
Negative freedom - that freedom, properly understood, is mostly an absence of restraint
49
Where did Mill delineate many of his views on negative liberty?
On Liberty, 1859
50
Harm principle
Mill - develops from negative freedom - actions should always be tolerated unless they can be proven to harm others
51
What concepts did Mill introduce to help explain his harm principle?
The idea of "self-regarding" and "other-regarding" actions
52
Why was tolerance of diverse opinions important to Mill?
A tolerant society could air all ideas and allow them to be more easily ridiculed
53
What is the fundamental flaw in Mill's tolerance of diverse opinions?
Assumes that the best ideas will always win in debates, which itself rests on Mill's typically liberal view of human nature. When evaluating with reference to the modern context, this seems especially unlikely
54
3 ways Mill developed the ideas of early classical liberalism?
1. Human nature - not a finished product but rather a work in progress
2. Individualism is not just about letting individuals do what they immediately wish to do, but rather about enlightening and enriching individuals to achieve their full potential
3. The liberal state - developed ideas around where the state was allowed to rule (harm principle) and then speculated about the problems of democracy
55
What fundamental difference is there between views on society between liberals, socialists and conservatives?
For liberals and socialists, the society predates and precedes the state. For conservatives, the society is dependent upon the order of a strong state
56
2 liberal views of the economy
1. Defence of private property
2. Defence of capitalism and inequality
57
3 thoughts of early liberals on property?
1. John Locke - property is a natural right that predates the existence of any state
2. John Locke - a wide dispersal of property-ownership prevents the state from concentrating power
3. John Stuart Mill - property facilitates individualism, incentivising enterprise and providing independence - allowing developed individuals to express distinct identities
58
2 reasons liberal economists have traditionally defended inequality of outcome?
1. Belief in trickle-down economics, so that inequality is eventually beneficial
2. Consistent with a meritocratic society
59
Is the liberal defence of capitalism universal though?
No - some thinkers such as Rawls have condemned free market laissez-faire capitalism, citing the inequality of opportunity it creates
60
Does liberalism's defence of capitalism get support from any other ideologies?
Yes - New Right conservatives also
61
3 foundations of ideas about the liberal state
1. Rejection of anarchism
2. Rejection of pre-Enlightenment states
3. Belief in a social contract
62
Why do liberals reject anarchy and how can we evaluate this?
The insecurities of the state of nature
Whilst Locke pointed out that we would be better off with a state to protect our natural rights, liberals are far less unequivocally supportive of states than are conservatives. Not ALL states are better than anarchy for liberals
63
4 characteristics of the states that liberals rejected and comment on why they rejected them?
1. Monarchical absolutism
2. Arbitrary power
3. Divine Right of Kings
4. Hereditary power
Morally illegitimate in that DROK and arbitrary power had no moral foundation to uphold natural rights and intellectually illegitimate in an era when humans could do better
64
For liberals, what makes a state legitimate?
The agreement, in a social contract, of those the state governs
65
What happens to states when they are dependent on the contract of their citizens and Locke quote?
The state is incentivised to serve its people
"Government should always be the servant, not master, of the people"
66
What develops out of government by consent?
Social contract theory - the state is only legitimate so long as it improves on the state of nature. Should it not, then people are apt to leave states
67
How did Rawls describe the purpose of the liberal state and why?
"State sponsored individualism"
The state's role is to protect and enhance those natural rights already present in the state of nature
68
Why is promotion of natural rights arguably the main objective of the liberal state?
Because the state improves upon an essentially tolerable situation that exists in the state of nature
69
Why did liberals such as Locke believe that the state was an improvement on the state of nature? Quote?
Those disputes that emerged in the state of nature could be fixed more efficiently and quicker in a liberal state
"known and impartial" judge could be better than the extended arbitration as per the state of nature
70
Are liberals united in believing that the state should promote greater degrees of equality?
No.
Most liberals agree that the state should promote equality of opportunity, since this is compatible with everyone having equal natural rights. But new liberals and Rawls believe this can go further, with the state legislating to ensure that equality of opportunity occurs. Classical liberals take a more laissez-faire approach
71
Do any liberals believe in equality of outcome and why?
No. Violates individual's natural rights to be rewarded for their enterprise
72
How has tolerance as a key objective of the state changed over liberalism's lifetime?
Initially, liberals concerned themselves with NEGATIVE liberty, seeking to tolerate different groups in a laissez-faire way. Over time, as it became obvious that structural and entrenched barriers to equality existed, liberals such as Mill proposed education. Green proposed state-provided education. Friedan went further, arguing for "positive discrimination"
73
2 ways Friedan went further than previous liberals in encouraging state intervention to promote tolerance?
1. A more tolerant society could be "psychologically embedded" via the state bureaucracy
2. The state should engage in positive discrimination and redistribution to ensure discrimination does not persist
74
6 key ideas that liberals have had about the STRUCTURE of the liberal state?
MFD JCR
1. Meritocratic state
2. Fragmented state
3. Democratic state?
4. Judicial supremacy
5. Constitutional state
6. Representative state
75
Why do liberals believe that the state should be constitutionally limited?
Goes back to Locke and the protest against arbitrary power - in order to ensure the social contract is upheld, liberals must resist tyranny
76
What would be necessary, besides diffusion and limitation of power, in a liberal constitution?
Cast iron guarantees of natural rights, including foundational equality and the rule of law
77
What did Locke believe about how state power should be distributed? Who does this come in sharp contrast to?
Should be diffused
Hobbes, who believed state power was by necessity centralised so as to avoid the kind of conflict that had characterised the preceding state of nature
78
Why do liberals think that power dispersal within the liberal state is essential?
1. Prevent any single individual from getting too powerful and in doing so risking the natural rights of the citizenry
2. Belief in human rationality and the capacity for reason in the average citizen
79
Why do liberals stress the representative element of the liberal state? Liberal who emphasised this?
In order for the social contract to be upheld, those in the state must directly represent those they govern for.
Friedan re-iterated liberals' protest against the paternalistic state, which they saw as overly pessimistic about human potential and too at risk of becoming autocratic
80
Why is meritocracy important to liberal states?
Those in power must have earned their position and not inherited it in order for power not to be arbitrary
81
Why, contextually, does liberalism support meritocracy?
Liberalism came in reaction to aristocratic/hereditary rule
82
Why is liberalism's commitment to democracy perhaps not as straightforward as we might think?
Liberals emphasise the risk that unlimited democracy could pose towards natural rights, and therefore seek to use CONSTITUTIONS and JUDICIAL POWER to protect these natural rights
83
Which 2 liberal key thinkers had the biggest reservations about democracy?
1. John Locke - those without property being given the vote was wrong because it threatened the natural rights of property owners
2. Mill - giving votes to the less-educated risked irrational outcomes, BUT ALSO THE SUPPRESSION OF MINORITY VIEWS
84
2 consequences of liberalism's ambivalence towards democracy?
1. Liberals prefer representative democracy, where power is vested in rational representatives who govern on behalf of their citizens
2. Liberals should constrain the power of elected governments to avoid WHAT MILL TERMED "the tyranny of the majority"
85
Who coined the phrase "tyranny of the majority"?
JS Mill
86
Why do liberals put an independent judiciary front and centre in their conception of the state and eval?
Restrict the risk to individual's natural rights from an elected government
John Locke was the first to emphasise with his first branch of government being the "known and impartial judge"
87
3 arguments that liberalism is INCOMPATIBLE with democracy?
1. Natural rights threatened
2. John Stuart Mill believed only the suitably educated should be given the franchise
3. Undermines tolerance of minority viewpoints
88
3 arguments that liberalism is COMPATIBLE with democracy?
1. Liberalism believes in fundamental rationality
2. Citizens need to be able to check the state to ensure that natural rights are not being neglected
3. Liberalism warns against the concentration and alienation of political power, which democracy prevents
89
WHICH OF OUR 3 LIBERAL THINKERS ARE CONSIDERED CLASSICAL LIBERALS?
Locke, Wollstonecraft, Mill
90
Oversimplified history of classical liberalism?
The first form of liberalism, most popular in the 18th and 19th century, before fading away before the beginning of the 20th century as it was displaced by more modern liberalism, largely in response to the rise of socialism. Classical liberalism returned in earnest in the 1970s with the New Right.
91
5 characteristics of liberal democracy
RAMiN
1. Revolutionary associations
2. Ambivalence towards democracy
3. Free market capitalism
4. Minimal government
5. Negative liberty
92
What does it mean to say that classical liberalism has revolutionary implications?
It's rejection of the legitimacy of states which were based in the Divine Right of Kings, and its promotion instead of natural rights, led many of its supporters to instigate or support revolutions, in France, America and Britain
93
Did Mill term "negative liberty"?
No, Isaiah Berlin did
94
Mill generally believed that freedom meant...
A freedom FROM - the ability to pursue one's own goals and objectives without undue interference
95
What key point should be made about minimal government?
Very different from the minimal STATE. The typical liberal state, with all its checks and balances, is actually fairly extensive, and certainly more elaborate than a libertarian or minarchist state. It largely refers to how much governing the state should actually undertake
96
How could minimal government be applied to fiscal policy?
For instance, the government should restrain from taxing apart from when absolutely necessary
97
2 key quotes on liberal minimal government?
"The government is best which governs least", David Thoreau
"When government grows, our liberty withers", Thomas Jefferson
98
Does liberal constitutionalism ensure minimal government?
No - because minimal government is about the practice and not the structure of government. But it certainly makes it harder than in an authoritarian or autocratic state structure
99
Most famous expression of classical liberal economics?
1776 The Wealth of Nations
100
Marx portrayed classical liberalism as merely a respectable vestige for bourgeois class interests. What stance of classical liberalism helps give credence to this view?
Classical liberals are usually anti-democratic. Locke wrote that an overzealous extension of the franchise to non-property owners threatened natural rights
101
How did later liberals soften on democracy and why?
Mill - later said that, whilst Locke had a point, the educational and developmental aspects of political engagement would surely overcome the concerns raised by Locke
MILL EMPHASISED THE NEED FOR UNIVERSAL EDUCATION
102
How can Mill's support for democracy be characterised?
Conditional support - conditional on universal education for citizens
103
How are Mill's views on democracy still seen today?
Very few graduates voted for Brexit, leading to renewed echoes of Mill's idea that the higher educated should have more votes
104
3 key thinkers for modern liberalism?
1. TH Green
2. Betty Friedan
3. John Rawls
105
Why did modern liberalism emerge?
Largely as a response to socioeconomic changes since Locke was writing
106
What key development made modern liberalism appealing?
Industrialisation and the fact that people were now not truly close to independence
107
What was Green's key contribution to liberalism?
Having conquered the original enemies of arbitrary power and tyranny, liberals should now turn their attention to socioeconomic problems
108
2 real-world UK examples of modern liberalism?
1. First example would be the 1908 People's Budget of Herbert Asquith
2. 1942 Beveridge Report
109
TH Green basically pioneered...
Positive liberty
110
Key development to liberal views on human nature posited by Green?
Humans are NOT JUST MOTIVATED BY SELF-INTEREST - there is also a key desire to promote a common good
111
How does Green's ideology contrast directly with Rand's?
Rand's objectivism would contrast harshly with Green's idea that much self-fulfilment comes from attending to the needs of others
112
Green's principle for the liberal state stipulated that...
The state should promote the widest degree of choice and opportunity possible. He was confident other liberals would also agree
113
Who argued that Green's views were socialist? How could we evaluate this?
Friedrich von Hayek
They're really not - individuals are still seeking self-realisation, only now acknowledging that this process has a social dimension
114
5 key tenets of modern liberalism?
SKELP
1. Keynesianism
2. Positive liberty
3. Enabling state
4. Liberal democracy
5. Social liberalism
115
What did TH Green criticise in Mill's work?
Criticised the definition of liberty as unambitiously narrow, proposed a wider definition that involved individuals enabling one another to pursue individual fulfilment
116
How did Green make his view of positive liberty distinct from Webb and Burke?
Not state led collectivism - still centrally concerned with how to allow individuals to take control of their lives and potential
117
What is the purpose of the modern liberal enabling state?
Allow individuals to overcome barriers to self-fulfilment which are socioeconomic
118
Which thinker was the basis of the "enabling state" view of liberalism?
John Rawls
119
What did Hayek describe positive liberty as?
"Socialism in disguise"
120
Hayek described the Rawlsian enabling state as socialism in disguise, tantamount to robbing individuals of the fruits of their labour. Caveat?
Rawls argued that the enlarged state was about creating the equality of opportunity necessary for individual freedom, not about redistribution and socialism
121
How did Rawls make his theory of the state compatible with liberal ideas about "government by consent"?
The original position and the veil of ignorance - constructed an argument to show that rational individuals would back the maximin principle
122
Rawls magnum opus?
1971 A Theory of Justice
123
What was Rawls' key view on equality of opportunity?
Necessitated a greater degree of equality of outcome and hence state intervention - enabling state required
124
Two consequences of Rawls' experiment at the original position?
1. Rawls' state is compatible with the perennial stress on government by consent
2. The rational, and hence the liberal, state is NOT classical
125
What was the caveat on Rawls' state stepping in to reduce inequality?
The state should still allow the successful and enterprising to succeed - there should hence be equality of OPPORTUNITY but not equality of OUTCOME
126
What relevance does Keynes have to new liberalism?
Provides the framework through which social liberals can implement interventionist reforms
127
Why could it be argued that even Keynesianism ultimately served the purpose of increasing negative liberty?
If capitalism was allowed to flounder in such a destructive way as it had done pre-Keynes, the net result might be to incentivise people to support autocracies
128
What kind of capitalism did Rawls endorse and why?
Keynesian capitalism - state control and ability to ensure positive liberty upheld
129
Why do modern liberals necessarily endorse liberal democracy?
Difficult to reconcile the state increasing in size with government by consent without democracy
130
TH Green quote about democracy?
"If the state is to do more for its people, then the state must do more to secure their consent"
131
How could we evaluate modern liberalism's affinity with democracy?
1. Modern liberalism is largely opposed to direct democracy and prefers representative democracy, e.g. EU, Brexit and HRA
132
What does it mean to say that social liberalism is a key part of modern liberalism?
Modern liberals are greatly concerned with liberalism's key goal of increasing equality and tolerance
133
What did Friedan condemn?
Essentialism - too many individuals held back by gender, race or sexual orientation
134
3 examples of social liberalism?
1. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission 1964
2. Roe v Wade 1973
3. Marriage Act UK 2013
135
Why did Friedan believe her views were consistent with the aim of the liberal state?
Still fundamentally promoting equality of opportunity and individualism
136
Friedan particularly addressed ___ in her writing.
Continued gender inequality
137
Friedan magnum opus
1963 The Feminine Mystique
138
What was Friedan's central concern?
Individualism - she believed that all people, including women and other minorities, should seek self-determination and self-fulfilment
139
What was Friedan's fundamental view of human nature and why is it significant?
It is illiberal attitudes in society rather than human nature that holds talented individuals back
Justifies forms of state intervention
140
What did Friedan say suppressed individualism in modern society? Reminiscent of?
"Cultural conditioning", transmitted by "cultural channels" in modern society
Gramsci
141
Friedan wrote that many women felt that their rights were restricted by...
"iron laws" rather than their own potential
142
What else, besides her individualism, makes Friedan a typical liberal?
Emphasis on using the state to achieve change
143
3 ways the liberal state has changed over time?
1. Not consistently minimal
2. Not consistently governed by consent
3. Not consistently upholding equality
144
How did western liberalism seem more secure than ever by the 21st century?
1. Globalisation
2. New Labour adopted privatisation and economic liberalism and then Conservatives adopted same-sex marriage
145
Who was Samuel Huntington and what did he theorise?
A Professor
The "clash of civilisations" thesis - that post-Cold War global divisions would no longer be ideological but theocratic, between fundamentalist Islam and Western secularism
146
4 reasons liberalism is challenged today?
1. Conservatism - people support law and order more than abstract liberal ideas e.g. anti-immigration, post 9/11 changes
2. Socialism post-2008 - huge surge in support for Corbyn
3. Issues within liberalism e.g. transgender vs women's rights vs religious minorities
4. Right-wing populism and the apparent failure of the liberal economic consensus
147
Key Wollstonecraft view of the state?
Must be a republic which enshrines women's rights
148
How do Wollstonecraft and Locke disagree on society?
Wollstonecraft suggests illiberal attitudes towards women within society may be partially responsible for stifling female individualism, which Locke would reject on the basis of idealised natural societies
149
Wollstonecraft view on the economy?
Should be a free market, which would be all the more energised by the contribution of women
150
Key Mill view on society?
Individuality/developmental individualism should co-exist with tolerance and self-betterment
151
Key Mill view on the state?
A cautious approach towards representative democracy should be made, with constitutional protections in place for minority views
152
Key Green view on human nature?
Human beings are guided by reason but with perfectionist ethics
153
What did Green envisage the role of the liberal state to be?
Actively seek to eliminate socioeconomic barriers to individual liberty
154
What did Green argue was the cause for change in liberal attitudes to society?
Industrialisation had altered
155
What did Green believe about the economy?
Should be free market, but tempered
156
p45 could be useful
