7. Health Inequalities

Question 1

What is the biopsychosocial model of health?

Answer 1

holistic model of health bringing together 3 areas:
1. BIOmedical: genetics, viruses, bacteria etc
2. PSYCHOlogical: beliefs, behaviour, coping skills etc
3. SOCIAL: social status, ethnicity etc

Question 2

What life expectancy variation is there?

Answer 2

Japan: highest = 84.3
Lesotho: lowest = 50.7
- huge global inequality

Question 3

What are social determinants of health?

Answer 3

• circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work and age
• systems put in place to deal with illness
• shaped by economics, social policies and politics
  EXAMPLES: income, education, food insecurity etc

Question 4

What is inequality vs inequity?

Answer 4

equality:
- everyone gets the same resources irrespective of class, ethnicity etc
- won’t achieve the same outcomes due to varying start point

equity:
- everyone gets the same outcomes, with resources distributed according to need

Question 5

What are examples of health inequities between countries?

Answer 5

• varying infant mortality rates
• lifetime risk of maternal death

Question 6

What are examples of health inequities within countries?

Answer 6

• life expectancy in australia: indigenous vs non-indigenous individuals

Question 7

What were COVID inequalities?

Answer 7

factors other than underlying health status may make you more likely to get seriously ill. including:
- age
- being a man
- country you live
- ethnicity
- job type

Question 8

What is HPV?

Answer 8

• human papillomavirus
• sexually transmitted
• more than 200 types

Question 9

How does HPV affect health?

Answer 9

• genital warts
• implicated in cancer

Question 10

How does WHO aim to eliminate cervical cancer?

Answer 10

• vaccination against HPV which causes 90+% of cervical cancers
• cervical cancer screening aiming to detect pre-cancerous cells
• treatment for cancerous cells

Question 11

What is an overview of cervical screening in Uganda?

Answer 11

• not routinely offered buy is available opportunistically through clinics
• major barrier is access in rural areas

Question 12

What is an overview of disability and health inequality?

Answer 12

• women with disabilities often have difficulty with physical access to health service
• especially true for access to cervical screening

Question 13

What are key disabling barriers from a social model approach to disability inequality?

Answer 13

• attitudinal barriers
• physical barriers
• information/communication barriers

Question 14

What are head and neck cancer risk factors?

Answer 14

• excessive alcohol consumption
• smoking
• HPV