7- Long-Term Memory Flashcards by Laura Mantle

How much space does LTM have?

Unlimited

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How much storage does LTM have?

Infinite

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How does James define LTM?

Secondary memory- absent info from consciousness

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What 2 mechanisms are involved with LTM?

Potentiation and depotentiation

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What does potentiation do?

Maintain memories and strengthen synapses

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What does depotentiation do?

Forget memories and weaken synapses

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What kind of disorder is amnesia?

Permanent and pervasive

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How is amnesia characterised?

A disconnection between STM and LTM

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What are the 3 ways Parkin defines amnesia?

Intact STM
Mild retrograde amnesia
Severe anterograde amnesia

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What is retrograde amnesia?

Damage to memory for events that occurred before onset of amnesia

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What is anterograde amnesia?

Damage to memory for events that occurred after onset of amnesia

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What are the 2 primary divisions of LTM?

Non-declarative/implicit memory, and declarative/explicit memory

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What are the 2 divisions of non-declarative memory?

Procedural memory and repetition priming

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What are the 2 divisions of procedural memory?

Skill learning and habit learning

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What are the 2 divisions of declarative memory?

Semantic and episodic memory

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What are the 2 divisions of episodic memory?

Prospective and autobiographical memory

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What is the oldest type of LTM?

Non-declarative memory

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How is non-declarative memory accessed?

Unconsciously

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Can non-declarative memory be reported verbally?

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What is non-declarative memory based on?

Previous unconscious experience

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What is non-declarative memory about?

Knowing how

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Is non-declarative memory intact in amnesia?

Yes

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What is procedural memory?

Knowledge of skills we gain over time

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What is procedural memory about?

How to perform skills and actions

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Is skill learning conscious or unconscious?

Unconscious

What is skill learning mostly associated with?

Motor performance

How is skill learning acquired to become automatic?

Over time by practice

How is habit learning acquired?

Over time by repeated associations between stimuli and responses

What does habit learning involve?

Learning a set of associations that can't be memorised

How do you change a habit?

Repetition of new behaviour

What does priming refer to?

An implicit memory effect

What is an implicit memory effect?

Exposure to a stimulus affects a subsequent response

What is the time taken for repetition priming associated with?

Time taken to make information accessible based on information provided

What are the 2 types of priming?

Perceptual and conceptual

What is perceptual priming?

Stimulus form is salient

What is conceptual priming?

Stimulus meaning is salient

What does declarative memory involve?

Conscious recollection

Can declarative memory be reported verbally?

Yes

What is declarative memory based on?

Our previous conscious experience

What is declarative memory about?

Knowing that

Why is declarative memory damaged in amnesia?

Because it is very sensitive

What are the 3 ways of testing declarative memory?

Recognition, cued recall, free recall

What is the recognition test?

Verifying the correctness of information

What is the cued recall test?

Recall information with the help of cues/hints

What is the free recall test?

Recall information without cues/hints

What memory is involved in episodic memory?

Memory for events, experiences, and episodes

What does episodic memory enable us to do?

Consciously re-experience past events

What does episodic memory rely on for recall?

Temporal context

What do we rely on episodic memory for?

Communication

What is the problem with reconstructing past events?

It is not always accurate

What are the 3 key properties of episodic memory according to Tulving?

Associates with our subjective sense of time Connects to self Associates with autonoetic consciousness of self-knowing

What is prospective memory about?

Imagining future events

What does prospective memory allow?

Forward planning and carrying out intended actions

What is the ability involved from prospective memory?

Ability to remember to remember

How is prospective memory triggered?

Self-initiated

Is prospective memory interrupted in amnesia?

Yes

What are the 2 different types of prospective memory?

Event-based and time-based

What is the most personal aspect of LTM?

Autobiographical memory

What is autobiographical memory for?

Personally experienced events and episodes, as well as life histories

How is autobiographical memory time-marked?

As belonging to a particular phase in our lives

What is autobiographical memory a combination of?

Episodic and semantic memories

What is personal semantic information?

Facts about ourselves

What is personal episodic information?

Personally experienced effects

What is false memory?

Inaccurate recollections of events that didn't occur or distortion of events that occurred

How does imagination inflation strengthen false memory?

By repeating it

What is deja vu?

An illusion of autobiographical memory

What are the 3 mechanisms involved in false memory?

Split perception, implicit memory, Gestalt familiarity

What is split perception?

A brief glance before conscious seeing

What is implicit memory?

A forgotten experience but we think it is familiar

What is Gestalt familiarity?

Similar to a previous experience

What does semantic memory store?

General knowledge of facts, concepts and language including symbols, their meaning, and their associations

What doesn't semantic memory rely on for recall?

Temporal context

What is semantic memory?

Knowing and not remembering

How is semantic memory opposite to episodic memory?

It is not personal

What is permastore?

A stabilisation of knowledge in semantic memory that resists forgetting

What is metamemory?

The supervisor of our memories

What ability does metamemory have?

To monitor and inspect the content of memory

What is metamemory about?

Our knowledge about what we stored in memory

What does metamemory allow us to do?

Know whether we know something

Does metamemory remain intact after amnesia?

Yes

What happened to HM?

Parts of his temporal lobe were removed to reduce epilepsy

What were HM's 2 symptoms after surgery?

Intact short-term memory Impaired memory for ongoing events

What 3 aspects of LTM did HM teach us about?

Particular brain regions are responsible for LTM LTM encompasses different abilities Memory is separable from language, perceptual and cognitive functions