Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

z. Neuro Class > Neuroanatomy PPT 2-4 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy PPT 2-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main blood supply of the brain.

A

Internal Carotid artery and Vertebral (basilar) artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most important factor in getting blood through the brain?

A

Arterial Blood pressure

Opposed bu intracranial Pressure, blood viscosity and narrowing of the vascular diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why does cerebral blood flow remain constant despite general pressure changes?

A

Autoregulation is due to compensatory lowering or raising of vascular resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What branches of the internal carotid artery?

A 
Ophthalmic
Posterior Communicating
Anterior Choroidal
ACA
MCA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the path of the Internal Carotid Artery?

A

Carotid Canal–> Petrous Portion of temporal bone–> Roof of the cavernous sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What forms the Basilar Artery?

A

Union of the two vertebra; arteries at the lower border of the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What branches of the Basilar Artery?

A 
Pontine Arteries
Labyrinthine Artery
Anterior-Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

What does it consist of?

A

Networks of arteries, that creates anastomosis between the blood supply of the brain.

Fed by the internal Carotids (anterior circulation) and Vertebrobasilar (posterior circulation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Major Components of the Circle of Willis and corresponding areas

A

ACA- supplies medial aspect of the frontal lobes. (lower extremity motor and sensory cortices)
Anterior Communicating- Most common site of aneurysm
MCA- supplies laters aspect of brain (trunk, upper extremity motor and sensory, Broca and Wernicke)
PCA- supplie occipital lobe
Post. Communicating- also common site or aneurysm (CN iii palsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Meningeal Arteries?

What do they supply?

A

Supply the intracranial dura matter.

Ant. Meningeal- from ethmoidal arteries: supply ant. cranial fossa.
Middle Meningeal- Branches from maxillary: results in EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
Post. Meningeal- supplies post. cranial fossa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathway or venous drainage of the brain?

A

Veins–> Dural Sinuses–> internal jugular veins

Superior cerebral vein–> sup. sagittal sinus
Superficial Middle cerebral vein- cavernous sinus
Deep Middle Cerebral vein- straight sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q 
What veins drain: 
Midbrain?
Pons?
Medulla Oblongata? 
Cerebellum?
A

Midbrain- basal or great cerebral
Pons-Basal vein, cerebellar veins
Medulla- spinal veins, and neighboring venous sinuses
Cerebellum- Great cerebral vein, adjacent venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries arise from?

What are the main branches?

A

Arise from the subclavian artery and ascent through the transverse foramina.

Anterior Spinal Artery, Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery,
Posterior Spinal Artery- (arises from the PICA in most cases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What forms the anterior spinal artery?

What does it supply?

A

It is formed by the union of two arteries from the vertebral artery.

Descends the anterior surface of the spinal cord and supplies the anterior 2/3s of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What forms the posterior spinal arteries?

What does it supply?

A

Arises directly from vertebral arteries or PICA.

descends near the posterior nerve roots. posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do spinal veins drain?

A

Internal vertebral venous pleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Cerebral Ischemia?

A

There is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.

irreversible damage begins after 5 min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an Ischemic Stroke?

A

Acute blockage of vessels–> disruption of flow and subsequent ischemia–> liquefactive necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

Brief reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction without and acute infarction. <15min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the most common site for cerebral aneurysms? Why?

A

Most commonly occur at the site where two arteries join because there is a deficiency in tunica media.
May suddenly rupture into the subarachnoid space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the meninges?

What are the divisions?

A

Three protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain.

Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the Dura Mater

A

Outermost layer. Tough white dense connective tissue with many blood vessels and nerves.

Cranial= periosteal and meningeal layers
(layers separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the Arachnoid Mater

A

Thin, web like membrane. Lacks vessels.

Does not go into grooves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the Pia Mater

A

Thin, many nerves and blood vessels.

Follows the contours of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the main function of the rural venous sinuses?

Where are they situated?

A

Is to receive blood from the brain through the cerebral veins and the CSF from the subarachnoid space through the arachnoid villi.
Situated between the layers of the dura matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do the Dural venous sinuses drain?

A

Internal jugular veins in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the histology go the dural sinuses.

Describe their connections

A

Lined by endothelium and their walls are thick. No muscular tissue or valves.
Emissary veins connect the sinuses with diploid veins of the skull and scalp

28
Q

What is the spinal epidural space? What does it contain?

A

It is the space between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral periosteum.

Contains loose areolar tissue, venous plexus and lymphatics.

Anesthetic-paravertebral nerve block

29
Q

What is the cranial epidural space? What does it contain?

A

Its POTENTIAL space between the dura mater and the bones of the cranial vault

contains meningeal arteries and veins.

30
Q

What is the Subdural Space?

What does it contain?

A

It is a POTENTIAl space between the dura and arachnoid.

Intracranially is contains veins that connect to the superior sagittal. (Bridging veins)

31
Q

What is the subarachnoid space? What does it contain?

A

Located between the Pia mater and the arachnoid.

Contains CSF.

32
Q

What are the 4 types of intracranial hemorrhages?

A
  • epidural (EDH) - A (MMA)
  • subdural (SDH) - V
  • subarachnoid (SAH) - A
  • intracranial/ intraparenchymal (ICH)
33
Q

What is an Epidural Hematoma?

Arterial injury of what is most likely responsible for a EDH?

A

Bleeding into the space between the dura and the the skull.
Occurs more in adolescents and young adults. most common cause is injury. Associated with fracture

MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY. may also be caused by injury to anterior meningeal artery, or venous sinus.

34
Q

What are clinical presentations of a epidural hematoma?

A

Variable depending on severity.
transient loss of consciousness in mild cases to coma in server trauma.

LUCID INTERVAL= temp improvement and then deterioration.

headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, concussion, aphasia, hemiparesis and seizures.

35
Q

What are the Radiological findings of a epidural hematoma?

A

LENS-SHAPED APPERANCE

Does not cross cranial suture lines.

36
Q

What is an Subdural Hematoma?

Radiological findings?

A

Bleeding into the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid. Common cause- tearing of the bridging veins.

Crescent shape. ACUTE- hyper-dense (bright) CHRONIC- Hypo-dense (dimmer)

37
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic subdural hematoma?

A

-Elderly patients
-Minimal or no trauma history
-Oozing slowly (weeks or months)
-Vague symptoms (headache impairment and unsteady gait)
Brain shrinks and pulls bridging veins away

38
Q

What are the symptoms of acute subdural bleed?

A

-Immediately after injury
-Associated with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and contusion.
Worse prognosis.

39
Q

What is a Subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Radiological appearance?

A

Bleeding in the CSF filled space between the arachnoid and Pia.
Two kinds: Spontaneous and Traumatic

On CT dense areas of the blood in the subarachnoid space down into the sulci. and Blood in LUMBAR PUNCTURE

40
Q

What are the symptoms and cause of a spontaneous subarachnoid bleed?

A

“WORST HEADACHE OF MY LIFE”
-Catastrophic headache

Results from artery aneurysm.

41
Q

What are the symptoms and cause of a traumatic subarachnoid bleed?

A
  • cerebral contusions
  • sever headache
  • traumatic injury
42
Q

What is an intracerebral (ICH) bleed?

A

Bleeding within the Brain parenchyma.

Traumatic or Non-traumatic (HPB, vascular malformations, infection, vasculitis etc.)

43
Q

What are clinical features of ICH?

A
  • headache
  • one sided weakness
  • vomiting
  • seizures
  • decreased level of consciousness
  • neck stiffness
44
Q

What is the most common cause of non traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Hypertension causes rupture of thin walled lenticular striate artery (MCA).
These will have will have atherosclerosis and mini strokes that add up.

45
Q

What level is a spinal epidural preformed?

A

L4/L5

46
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

It is four cavities present in the brain. Two lateral, the third and fourth ventricles.

47
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

What is its function?

A

There layers of membranes:

  • An endothelial layer of the choroidal capillary wall with has fenestrations.
  • pia membrane
  • Layer of choroidal epithelial cells that contain numerous mito. and microvilli

Function: produce CSF

48
Q

What is CSF?

What are the volume of CSF?

A

A clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water
Normal rate of production is 500ml/ day for a total volume of 90-140ml.
Productions IS NOT pressure regulated.

49
Q

What is the Function of CSF?

A
  • Cushions and protects
  • Buoyancy and support
  • Nourishes
  • Removes Metabolites
  • Pathway for Pineal secretions
50
Q

How is CSF formed?

A

Ependymal Cells in the choroid plexuses lining the ventricles produce CSF.
Involves filtration of blood and carbonic anhydrase and many transport enzymes for ions in and out.

51
Q

What is the circulation of CSF?

A

Lateral ventricles-Foramen of Monro- 3rd ventricle- Aqueduct- 4th ventricle -lateral (luschka) and median (magendie) foramen- subarachnoid- venous sinuses- heart and lungs- choroid plexuses- ventricles

52
Q

What is the blood brain barrier? What constitutes it?

A

Endothelial cells linked by tight junctions. Control the passage of substances by active transport. prevent proteins, water soluble substance, protein bounds substance to enter into brain. Permeable to lipid soluble.

53
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

regions where blood brain barrier is interrupted to allow chemical communication.

  • vascular organ
  • Subfornical
  • Neurohypophysis (posterios pituitary)
  • Median Eminence
  • Subcommissural
  • Pineal Gland
  • Area Postrema
54
Q

What is the Monro-Kellie Hypothesis?

A

Pressure volume relationship that aims to keep dynamic equilibrium between the 3 non compressible components: brain tissue, blood and CSF.

55
Q

What happens when there is a disruption of the equilibrium of the non compressible components?

A

Auto-regulation of cerebral vessel caliber can compensate for modest reductions in cerebral profusion pressure.
large ^ pressure beyond auto-regulation capacity = decrease blood flow and brain ischemia

56
Q

What are signs of increased intracranial Pressure?

A
  • Headache
  • Altered Mental Status
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Papilledema
  • Visual loss
  • Diplopia
  • Cushing’s Triad: HBP, bradycardia and irregular respirations
57
Q

What is a lumbar puncture? What are normal pressure levels?

A

Collections of CSF from the spinal subarachnoid space.
Between L4 and L5

Normal pressure
Adults: 90-180 mmH2O (8-15mmHg)
Children: 10-100 mmH2O

58
Q

What is Hydrocephalus?

What are the 4 types?

A

Dilation of the cerebral ventricles caused by xs CSF, obstruction of flow , decreased reabsorption.

  1. Non Communicating- obstruction ventricles (aqueduct)
  2. Communicating Hydrocephalus- blockage of the subarachnoid space.
  3. Normal Pressure- communicating in adults.
  4. Hydrocephalus ed vacuo- Brain tissue diminish due to injury
59
Q

Clinical features of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?

A

WWW- Wacky, Wobbly and wet.

Dementia, Ataxic gait and urinary incontinence.

60
Q

What is meningitis?

A 
Inflammation of the meninges that may be caused infections or non infections agents. 
Diagnosis CSF culture. 
-elevated WBC
-decreased glucose concentration
-increased protein concentration
- increase pressure
61
Q

What are the 4 types of Meningitis?

A
  1. Acute Purulent- bacterial. headache fever and neck rigidity
  2. Acute Aseptic- viral. depressed consciousness
  3. Mycobacterial meningoencephalitis
  4. Fingal meningoencephalitis
62
Q

CSF diagnosis in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

bloody, red blood cells present in cell count. Normal glucose

63
Q

CSF diagnosis in Bacterial Meningitis

A

REDUCED GLUCOSE. cloudy appliance elevated protein

64
Q

CSF diagnosis in Viral Encephalitis

A

Cloudy or clear. 25-500 lymphocytes. normal glucose.

65
Q

a brain tumor, which had produced a noncommunicating hydrocephalus. What is the most likely location of the tumor?

A

the interventricular foramen, connecting the lateral with the third ventricle. A block of the interventricular foramen would lead to enlargement of the lateral ventricle.

z. Neuro Class (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions