Higher Cortical Function ppt 20

Question 1

Where is Broca’s area located?

Answer 1

inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe, just anterior to the inferior part of the precentral gyrus.

Question 2

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Answer 2

Production of language (word formation)

Question 3

Where is Wernicke area located?

Answer 3

superior temporal gyrus

Question 4

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

Answer 4

Comprehension of language.

Question 5

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

Answer 5

A connection that monitors speech and facilitates the repetition of words.

“We want to produce words (Broca) that make sense (Wernicke) and, similarly, understand language input and respond.”

Question 6

Processing of visual word

Answer 6

visual cortex- wernicke- 39- broca- motor cortex- writing

Question 7

Processing of spoken word

Answer 7

auditory cortex- wernicke- 39- broca- motor cortex- spoken action

Question 8

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 8

lesion of the motor speech center in area 44,45 and the neighboring areas 9, 46, and 47

Question 9

Broca’s aphasia Symptoms

Answer 9

grammatically incorrect
single words
impaired repetition ability

Question 10

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 10

lesion in the sensory speech region, (the posterior portion of the temporal gyrus of the auditory association cortex (area 22) and/or the supramarginal gyrus (area 40))

Question 11

Wernicke’s aphasia symptoms

Answer 11

comprehension is impaired
Cannot repeat words
Spontaneous speech is fluent; speak all the time (semantic error and create new words)

Question 12

Conductive Aphasia

Answer 12

connection between sensory and motor speech center (arcuate fasciculus) is interrupted.

CANNOT REPEAT, read aloud but understand text.

Question 13

Gerstmann aphasia

Answer 13

Lesion of the angular gyrus area 39... 
cannot comprehend or perform written language. 
Acalcuila
Finger agnosia
right - left disorientation

Question 14

Global Aphasia

Answer 14

occlusion of the MCA damage to both sensory and motor centers.
Spon. speech and comprehension are impaired.

Question 15

What are the 2 classifications of learning?

Answer 15

Asscociative

Nonassociative

Question 16

What are the two general types of memory?

Answer 16

Explicit (Decelrative)

Implicit (Non-declarative)

Question 17

What is associative learning?

Answer 17

2 stimuli are associated with each other

Pavlov classical conditioning experiment

Question 18

What is non associative learning?

Answer 18

a change in behavior that takes place after repeated exposure to a single stimulus. Occurs via Habituation and Sensitization.

both require repeated exposure

Question 19

What is habituation?

Answer 19

decreases in responses by repeated presentation of a known stimulus

Question 20

What is sensitization?

Answer 20

Increases response resulting from previous experience

Question 21

What are the two types of explicit memory?

Answer 21

Semantic- facts

Episodic- events

Question 22

What are the types of implicit memory?

Answer 22

Priming-familiarity
Procedural- skils
Learned emotion (fear)
conditioned reflexes (pavlov)

Question 23

What is short term memory?

Answer 23

working memory- preliminary step

Question 24

What factors can influence the transfer of short term to long term memory?

Answer 24

emotional state, rehearsal, association, automatic memory

Question 25

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 25

The conversion of short-term memory into a long-term memory and is enhanced by repetition and sensory modalities

Question 26

How are memories stored in the brain?

Answer 26

Changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity. Neural change responsible for retention and storage of knowledge is known as thememory trace

Question 27

Memory consolidation is done by which organ?

Answer 27

hippocampus

but ability to recall already stored memories does not need the hippocampus

Question 28

What are the structural changes in synapses in making long term memories?

Answer 28

• Increase in vesicle release sites
• Increase in number vesicles of released
• Increase in number of presynaptic
• Changes in structures of the dendritic spines

Question 29

What are the two types of amnesia?

Answer 29

Retrograde- loss of memory before injury

anterograde- cannot form new memories

Question 30

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 30

Progressive, degenerative and ultimately fatal brain disease, in which cell to cell connections in thebrainare lost

Inability to acquirenew memoriesand difficulty inrecalling recently observed facts

most common form of dementia

Question 31

What genes are associates with Alzheimers’s?

Answer 31

ssociated with genes on chromosome 1, 14, 19, or 21. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genes are important in familial forms.

Question 32

How does Alzheimer’s differ from Pick’s disease?

Answer 32

Frontotemporal versus diffuse cortical atrophy.

Question 33

Pathology behind Alzheimers

Answer 33

• defective degradation of amyloid precursor protein, leading to β-amyloid plaques,
• neurofibrillary tangles.
• particularly the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
• senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
• Impairment of cholinergic transmission

Question 34

Wernicke Korsakoff

Answer 34

Syndrome is often found in chronic alcohol abuse. Acute CNS changes due to thiamine deficiency are called Wernicke’s encephalopathy.

Petechial hemorrhage and infarction often are seen in the mammillary bodies