Basal Ganglia ppt 18

Question 1

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 1

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus (external & internal)
Subthalamic Nucleus
Substantia Nigra (compact and Reticulata)

Question 2

Where do inputs arrive in the basal ganglia?

Answer 2

at the stratum (caudate nuc and the putamen)

Question 3

Where do outputs leave from in the basal ganglia?

Answer 3

from the internal globus

Sub. Nigra Reticulata

Question 4

What is the purpose of the direct pathway?

Answer 4

Allows the thalamus to fire. Facilitates movement

Question 5

What is the purpose of the indirect pathway?

Answer 5

To inhibit movement

Question 6

What does a lesion of the Caudate Nucleus cause?

Head of the left caudate nucleus cause?

Answer 6

delayed alternation & disrupt performance on tests involving object reversal.

dysarthric aphasia (difficulty in articulating words)

Question 7

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 7

• Planning and programing movement (preventing oscillations)
• Slow and steady damp movement
• inhibits stretch reflex
• control of normal autonomic and associated movements (arms walking)
• Striatum: sub. gross movement
• GP:provides muscle tone for skilled movement
• Sub Nigra: coordination of impulses for skilled movement.

Question 8

What are movement disorders of the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Bradykinesis, Hypokinesia, and Akinesia

Question 9

Damage to the basal ganglia that results in increased resistant to passive movement

Answer 9

Rigidity.

Plastic, waxy or lead pipe rigidity

Question 10

What is dystonia?

types?

Answer 10

distorted positions of the limbs

• focal: torticollis,
• blepharospasm: facial and eye muscles
• spasmodic: laryngeal muscles
• writer’s cramp.

Question 11

Dystonia treatment

Answer 11

small amount of botulinum

Question 12

What is Ballism?

Answer 12

Movements of the proximal limb muscles with a larger-amplitude,

hemiballismus,unilateral flinging of extremities

cause is a lacunar infarct of the subthalamic nucleus

Question 13

What is athetosis?

Answer 13

writhing,twisting movements of the limbs, face, (choreoathetosis)

Causes: perinatal hypoxia, Wilson’s Huntington’s disease, and sever neonatal jaundice (kernicterus)

Question 14

What is chorea?

Answer 14

Dance- continuous involuntary movement.

proximal, distal and respiratory muscles

Question 15

Basal Ganglia dysfunction- Tics

Answer 15

sudden brief action preceded by urge.

motor, vocal (coprolalia- cursing)

Torrette’s syndrome: persistent

Question 16

What is Parkinson’s?

Answer 16

Shaking palsy, resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and unsteady gate

Path feature: Lewy bodies

Question 17

Causes of Parkinson’s

Answer 17

• Idiopathic
• Drugs: reserpine, phenothiazine
• MMP: Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridinum (MPTP), converted by MAO-B into methyl-phenyl-pyridinum (MPP)
• Carbon monoxide

Question 18

Treatment of Parkinson’s

Answer 18

• Levo-DOPA
• Bromocriptine (dopa antagonist)
• Anticholinergics
• Selegilin (inhibits MAO-B)
• Amantadine (anticholinergic)
• COMT inhibitor (end in apone)
• DBS

Question 19

What is Huntington’s?

Answer 19

Aut. Dominant
Abnormal movement and intellectual change (Chorea & Dementia)

caused by degeneration of GABAergic pathway

No Treatment- fatal

Question 20

What is a pathologic hallmark of Huntington’s

Answer 20

The pathologic hallmark is progressive atrophy of the striatum,especially involving the caudate nucleus.

Question 21

What is willsons?

Answer 21

Hepatolenticular degeneration.
abnormal copper metabolism.

personality change and athetoid movements

Kayser Fleisher ring

Question 22

What is Kernicterus?

Answer 22

increase indirect bilirubin– damage od GP– death