Week 1 formative

Question 1

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 1

quantitative defect of bone characterised by reduced bone mineral density and increased porosity
<2.5 standard deviations below mean peak value of young adults of same race and gender

Question 2

what is the most abundant component of cartilage ECM?

Answer 2

water

Question 3

what is a ganglion cyst?

Answer 3

cystic swelling which occurs around a synovial joint or tendon sheath as a result of herniation or out-pouching of a weak portion of joint capsule/tendon sheath

Question 4

what is bursitis?

Answer 4

inflammation of a bursur

commonly occurs after repeated pressure or trauma and therefore may present as a soft tissue swelling

Question 5

what is a bursur?

Answer 5

small fluid filled sac lined by synovium around joints which prevents friction between tendons, bones, muscles and skin

Question 6

lucent lesion in middle of the clavicle with smooth edge where it meets the normal looking bone
incidental finding on X ray for a clavicle fracture

Answer 6

simple cyst

Question 7

firm bony lump on lateral aspect of distal femoral metaphysis
overlying skin and soft tissue is normal
x ray shows bony spur originating from distal femoral metaphysis
normal cortex
what is the diagnosis?

Answer 7

osteochondroma

benign bony outgrowth on external surface with cartilaginous cap

Question 8

what cancers commonly metastasise to bone?

Answer 8

breast
prostate
lung
renal
thyroid

Question 9

what is a malignant tumour of endothelial cells in the marrow?

Answer 9

ewings sarcoma

usually occurs in 10-20 year olds

Question 10

what is the most common primary bone tumour and produces abnormal bone?

Answer 10

osteosarcoma

Question 11

what malignant bone tumour tends to occur in abnormal bone like bone infarct, pagets disease etc?

Answer 11

fibrosarcoma

Question 12

what is the boundary around an osteon called?

Answer 12

cement line

Question 13

features of a benign soft tissue neoplasm?

Answer 13

small
fluctuation in size
cystic lesions
well defined
fluid filled lesions
soft/fatty lesions

Question 14

features of a malignant soft tissue neoplasm?

Answer 14

larger (>5cm)
rapid growth
solid lesion
ill defined
irregular surface
associated lymphadenopathy and systemic upset

Question 15

what are the cells found in cartilage and what do they look like?

Answer 15

chondrocytes

have a pigmented (redish) part at the periphery

Question 16

where do chondrocytes reside?

Answer 16

a space in the ECM called the lacuna

Question 17

are osteochondromas always benign?

Answer 17

no

1% become malignant

Question 18

what are the 3 types of connective tissue that surround muscles?

Answer 18

epimysium = surrounds whole muscle body
perimysium = surrounds fascicle
endomysium = surrounds single muscle fibre

Question 19

what is the central canal in the middle of an osteon?

Answer 19

Haversian canal

formed by drilling into bone by osteoclasts

Question 20

bone enlargement
thickened cortices
thickened trabeculae with mixed areas of lysis and sclerosis
what is the diagnosis?

Answer 20

pagets disease

Question 21

what can pagets disease cause?

Answer 21

can be asymptomatic and be seen on incidental imaging
can cause arthritis
pathological fractures
deformity
pain
high output cardiac failure

Question 22

how is pagets disease diagnosed via biochemistry?

Answer 22

serum alkaline phosphatase is raised whilst calcium and phosphorus are normal

Question 23

how is pagets disease treated?

Answer 23

bisphosphates (inhibit osteoclasts)
calcitonin if extensive lytic disease
joint replacement