Immunity to Tumors 1

Question 1

How does the immune system prevent tumors

Answer 1

eliminate oncoviruses, prevent establishment of inflammatory envionment, identify and eliminate tumor cells on the basis of their expression of tumor-specifc antigens

Question 2

What are the three steps in cancer immunoediting

Answer 2

elimination, equilibrium, escape

Question 3

T/F: Immune compromised individuals have a higher risk for cancer

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What two factors can cause earlier and aggressive cancers

Answer 4

immune-system deficiency and genetic predisposition to cancer

Question 5

What are the three possible outcomes for tumor cells in the equillibrium stage

Answer 5

eradicated, persist but not progress, escape

Question 6

How are ways mutations can keep tumor cells alive

Answer 6

evasion of recognition, killing or control by the immune system

Question 7

What features of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

Answer 7

tumor cells inhibit the function of effector immune cells, recruit regulatory immune cells

Question 8

Where is CD28 located,B7

Answer 8

T cell, Target cell

Question 9

What are outcomes of TCR antigen binding

Answer 9

transcirptional regulation, cytokine expression, cell proliferation, cell killing

Question 10

What are the inhibitory checkpoint molecules

Answer 10

PD1 and CTLA-4

Question 11

How dose the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibit

Answer 11

prevents excessive stimulation and maintains the immune tolerance to self-antigens through negatively regulating the immune response

Question 12

How does the CTLA-4 pathway inhibit

Answer 12

Has a greater affinity than Cd28, modulate activation through a series of phosphorylation events

Question 13

T/F: PD-1/PD-L1(2) prevents the interaction between TCR/MHC and B7/CD28

Answer 13

False: PD-1/PD-L1(2) prevent the signalling directly NOT the interaction

Question 14

T/F: CTLA4 causes indirect regulation through failing to aid in stimulation by out competing CD28

Answer 14

True

Question 15

How does anti-PD-1 allow for destruction of T cells

Answer 15

Anti-PD1 binds PD-1, inhibiting it, causing the signals from TCR/MHC and B7/CD28 to properly propagte causing destruction of the cell

Question 16

What is a CAR

Answer 16

Chimeric Antigen Receptor

Question 17

What are the steps to make T-cell therapy

Answer 17

T cells are isolated from the patient, T cells are engineered to express CARs that recognize cancer cells, modified T cells are grown and expanded in culture, modified T cells are infused into patient

Question 18

What is on the outside of the T cell CAR

Answer 18

A variable heavy chain, a variable light chain, a linker, and a single chain variable fragment

Question 19

What do CARs bind

Answer 19

Tumor Associated Antigen, CD19

Question 20

What does CAR target that is linked to develoopemtn and progression of certain aggressive types of breast cancer

Answer 20

(HER2)

Question 21

What cancers are mesothelin associated with

Answer 21

all mesotheliomas and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 70% of ovarian cancers, 50% of lung adenocarcinomas

Question 22

What is transduction

Answer 22

foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a viral vector

Question 23

How does Lentiviral transduction lead to CAR

Answer 23

virus genome with the CAR gene is intergrated into host cell genome possibly causing CAR to be produced

Question 24

What happens once CAR T cells interact once they are back in the body

Answer 24

CAR binds to the antigen and causes the T cell to be activated allowing the killing of cells expressing the tumor antigen