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RUSVM LAM II > Antibiotics In Food Animals > Flashcards

Antibiotics In Food Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the antibiotics available for use in food animals?

A

Sulfonamides

B- lactams

Tetracyclines

Florfenicol

Macrolides

Fluroroquinolones

Lincosamides (PIG ONLY)

Aminoglycosides — too long acting

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2
Q

What bacteria have known resistance against sulfonamides?

A

Pseudomonas, bacteriodies, and enterococcus

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3
Q

Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic/bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic, unless they are potentiated which are bactericidal

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4
Q

What is the MOA of sulfonamides?

A

Mimics PABA precursor at the beginning of the THFA pathway, blocking production of the active form of folic acid (THFA).

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5
Q

How are potentiated sulfas bactericidal?

A

Block both PABA and dihydrofolate reductatse

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6
Q

Where are sulfonamides distributed to?

A

Wide distribution

Joints via synovial fluid
CNS
Prostate
Urine

Weak acid —> low, non-theraputic concentration in milk but enough to test

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7
Q

What is the ONLY sulfonamide that can be used in adult dairy cows?

A

Sulfadimethoxine

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8
Q

Are B-lactams bacteriostatic or bactericidal ?

A

Bacteriocidal

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9
Q

MOA of B-lactams?

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins

PBP-1 (penems)—> immediate cell lysis

PBP-2 and -3 (penicillins and cephalosporins) —> misshapen cell walls leading to rupture

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10
Q

What is the spectrum of penicillin?

A

Gram positive, anaerobes, select G- (listeria) and spirochetes

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of aminopenicillins?

A

Gram pos but more gram negs than penicillin

Some strains of E.coli and salmonella

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of activity fo cephalosporins?

A

Gram positive, anaerobes,

More gram negs as generation increases

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13
Q

What restrictions are in place for use of B lactams?

A

Follow label for aminopenicillin

ELDU is permitted as long as it follows AMDUCA is followed

PPG is currently used extra-label because label is outdated, contact FARAD for withdrawal times (40days in swine)

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Binds the 30s ribosome to prevent protein synthesis

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15
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic and board spectrum

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16
Q

How are tetracyclines administered?

A

IV, IM, or SQ

Oral — all have poor oral absorption except doxycycline

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17
Q

What is the distribution of tetracyclines?

A

Lipophilic
Wide distribution — most tissues

Accumulate intracellularly, even leukocytes (anti-inflammatory effects)

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18
Q

How are tetracycline eliminated?

A

60% via glomerular filtration

40% via feces

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19
Q

If you are going to use an amino-glycoside, which should you pick for food animals?

A

Neomycin, gentamycin lasts too long in kidney

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20
Q

Are aminoglycosides bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

21
Q

Spectrum of aminoglycosides?

A

Primarily aerobic, gram negative

22
Q

MOA of aminoglycosides ?

A

Irreversibly binds to the 30s ribosome —> cidal effect

Accumulates in lysosomes and mitochondria —> post-antibiotic effect
Attracted to phospholipids

23
Q

What two toxicities can aminoglycosides cause?

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

24
Q

What are the restrictions for using aminoglycosides in food animas?

A

Try to refrain from use — lasts a long time in the kidney

Zero tolerance drugs

Gentamicin is NOT labelled for cows
Gent with drawl time 18months for single injection for meat and 5days for milk (sheep and goats 10 day milk withdrawal)

Piglets 1-3days old = 40day withdrawal

25
Q

T/F: neomycin is approved for pre-ruminating calves or lactating cattle

A

False

26
Q

What is the withdrawal time for oral administered neomycin in cows, swine, and goats?

A

1 day

2 days in sheep

27
Q

T/F: chloramphenicol and florfenicol are both approved in food animals

A

FALSE

Florfenicol is approved

Chloramphenicol causes human aplastic anemia (contains a para-nitro group)

28
Q

Spectrum of florfenicol?

A

Broad spectrum gram neg

Some gram pos

29
Q

Indications for florfenicol?

A

BRD
Keratoconjunctivitis
Bovine interdigital phlegmon

30
Q

MOA of florfenicol?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking peptidyltransferase activity at the 50s ribosomal subunit

31
Q

What is the distribution of florfenicol?

A

Lipid soluble, wide tissue distribution

Concentrates in tear film

Achieves concentration in CNS above MIC for H. So nice for 20 hours

Good lung penetration

High urine concentration

High levels in mammary tissue

32
Q

What restrictions exist for florfenicol use in food animals?

A

Extra-label use is permitted

Prolonged withdrawal for different than labeled production class

33
Q

What antibiotic class has intracellular activity?

A

Macrolides

Azalides synthesized from erythromycin have a higher positive charge, increasing affinity for intracellular sites

34
Q

What drugs are azalides?

A

Azithromycin
Tulathromycin
Gamithomycin
Tildipirosin

35
Q

MOA of macrolides?

A

Inhibits protein binding at the 50s ribosomal subunits

Binding side is near florfenicol (can have antagonistic effect)

36
Q

Spectrum of macrolides?

A

Broad

Gram pos and select frame neg
Mycoplasma

37
Q

Distribution of macrolides?

A

Concentrate in cells that are more acidic than plasma

Good absorption through gut

Accumulate in lysosomes and leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)

Tissue concentration is higher than serum concentration

38
Q

Tilmucosin can stay how long in healthy lung tissue?

A

72 hours

39
Q

Tulathromycin has a half life of _______ in cattle lung and ________ in swine lung?

A

184hours, 140hours

40
Q

What food animal can lincosamides be used in?

A

Swine

41
Q

What does lincosamide cause in foregut and hindgut fermenters?

A

Clostridial overgrowth

42
Q

MOA of lincosamide?

A

Inhibit 50s ribosome —> inhibit protein synthesis

43
Q

What bacteria in lincosamide usually used for in swine?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Bacterial arthritis — strep, erysipelohris, or mycoplasma

44
Q

Common adverse effect of lincosamide ?

A

Swelling of the anus

45
Q

What two fluoroquinolones are approved in cattle?

A

Enrofloxacin and danofloxacin

ELDU is FORBIDDEN

46
Q

Spectrum of fluoroquinolones ?

A

Most gram neg

Gram positive are variable susceptible and have a higher MIC than gram neg

47
Q

MOA of fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis and transcription by binding A subunit of DNA gyrase

48
Q

Distribution of fluoroquinolones ?

A

Lipid soluble, wide distribution

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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