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RUSVM LAM II > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is a characteristic stance for cattle with respiratory disease?

A

Stand motionless
Elbows abducted
Head lowered with neck extended
Open mouth breathing

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2
Q

Common predisposing factors to respiratory disease?

A 
Stress 
Vaccination 
Source of infection 
Biosecurity 
Lungworm

Poor housing

  • ventilation
  • overcrowding
  • poor quality bedding
  • common airspace’s
  • mixing animals of different ages
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3
Q

Increased inspiratory effort indicates ?

A

Upper airway obstruction

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4
Q

Increased expiratory effort indicated??

A

Lower respiratory disease

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5
Q

What clinical sign do you usually see with tracheal irritation?

A

Non-productive cough

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6
Q

Expiratory grunting is usually associated with _______ pain

A

Thoracic

Eg pleuritis and severe pneumonia

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7
Q

Inspiratory AND expiratory grunting are usually assoicated with ________ pain

A

Cranial abdominal

Eg TPR

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8
Q

What would be your top differential for an animal that is squinting their eyes, holding their head abnormally, and has discharge coming from their head at previous dehorning site?

A

Sinusitis

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9
Q

When you percuss a sinus with exudate or tissue present, it will have a _________ sound

A

Dull

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10
Q

EDx of nasal obstructions?

A

Foreign body, trauma, neoplasia, inflammation

Nasal granuloma caused by fungal agents are rare

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11
Q

Common presentation of nasal obstruction?

A

Unilateral nasal airflow
Respiratory stridor

Severe dyspnea with open mouth breathing if bilateral obstruction

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12
Q

Where is the obstruction if both nostrils have reduced airflow?

A

Mass caudal to nasal septum

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13
Q

What type of neoplasms re seen in the nasal cavity?

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma 
Liposarcoma 
Lymphosarcoma 
Chondrosarcoma 
Osteoma
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14
Q

Wha. can cause a granuloma in the nasal cavity?

A

Actinoballilosis

Nocardiosis

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15
Q

Most common causes of pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscess?

A

Inappropriate use of oral dosing equipment, stomach tubes, or potentially coarse feedstuffs

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16
Q

What bacteria are usually isolated from pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A

Aracnobacter (trueperella pyogenes) and anaerobic bacteria

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17
Q

Clinical signs of pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscess?

A 
Head and neck extension 
Pharyngeal swelling 
Excessive salivation 
Increased water, decreased feed 
Malodorous breath, severe pain on palpation
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18
Q

Methods of diagnosis for pharyngeal abscess?

A

Oral exam and palpation of the throatlatch

Endoscopy
Radiography
US

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19
Q

Treatment for pharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscesses?

A

Lancing the abscess — intraorally or vial lateral/ventral cervical approach

Antibiotics — pencillin, ampicillin,oxytetracyclin, florfenicil, or ceftiofur

Pain— Banamine

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20
Q

Laryngeal / pharyngeal dysfunction often occurs secondary to ____________ of the laryngeal cartilages

A

Chondritis

In recently weaned, can occur secondary from excessive bawling or vocalizing

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21
Q

Was is the causitive agent of calf diphtheria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

—> necrotic pharyngitis

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22
Q

Cow with hyperemic buccal mucosa
Pustules on the tongue
Sloughing of the ventral mucosal of tongue

PM
Shows edema of the tracheal rings

Dx?

A

Bovine herpes virus

23
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of BHV1 and what do they each cause?

A

BVH 1.1 : respiratory and abortion
BHV 1.2a : genital tract infections (vulvovaginitis)
BHV 1.2b : respiratory dz only

24
Q

T/F: there is cross protection between the three subtypes of BHV1

A

True

25
Q

What is the usual signalment for cows with BHV1

A

Calves 6 months or older

26
Q

T/F: BHV1 has high mortality but low morbidity

A

False

High morbidity (up to 100%)

Low mortality (10%)

27
Q

How can BHV1 infection be confirmed?

A 
Nasal swabs for virus isolation 
Immunofluorescence 
PCR 
ELISA 
Histopathology of affected tissue 
Immunohistochemistry to detect antigen 
Serum virus neutralizing antibody titers
28
Q

Clinical signs of BHV1?

A 
Fever 
Rhinitis 
Conjunctivitis 
Inappetence 
Labored breathing 
Drop in milk production 
Hyperemia of the muzzle 
Pustules and diphtheric plaques, ulceration of nasal mucosa and trachea
29
Q

T/F: bovine parainfluenza ONLY causes disease of the respiratory tract

A

Tue

30
Q

Bovine parainfluenza 3 belongs to what virus family?

A

Paramyxoviridae

Enveloped virus

31
Q

What does PI-3 affect?

A

Epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract —> damage to ciliated cells, mucous layer and mucociliary transport —> bronchitis

32
Q

Clinical sign of PI-3?

A

Fever
Depression
Anorexia
Nasal and ocular discharge

Increased respiratory rate with tracheal rales (early)

33
Q

How can you confirm PI-3 infection AM vs PM?

A

AM — history and clinical signs, serum virus neutralization antibody titer

PM— mild interstitial pneumonia, intracytoplasmic inclusion in various regions of the nasal mucosa

34
Q

What type of virus is bovine coronavirus?

A

Enveloped RNA virus

35
Q

Viruses associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) ?

A

Bovine respiratory syndactyl virus
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
PI3
Bovine Coronavirus

36
Q

Preferred samples for bovine coronavirus isolation?

A

Nasal swabs

Labs can use.. 
antigen-capture ELISA 
Electron microscopy 
Virus isolation 
PCR
37
Q

What virus family does BRSV belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus — penumovirus

38
Q

Signalment of cattle affected by BRSV?

A

Disease of younger cattle, 3-12months

39
Q

What cells does BRSV infect?

A

Epithelial cells of nasal mucosa and bronchi

Type II pneumocytes

Alveolar macrophages

40
Q

Clinical signs for BRSV?

A

Mild to severe respiratory disease

Fever

+/- cough

Nasal and ocular discharge

Occasionally SQ emphysema from severely labored breathing, as well as pneumothorax

41
Q

Diagnosis of BRSV?

A

Viral isolation in cell culture from nasal swabs

PCR

IHC of lung tissue

4x rise in virus neutralizing titers from acute to convalescent sample

42
Q

How can BRSV be prevented?

A

Killed and MLV

43
Q

What family and genus does bovine viral diarrhea virus belong to?

A

Family flaviviridae, genus pestivirus

Along with classical swine fever and border disease virus of sheep

44
Q

What are the biotypes of BVDV?

A

Cytopathic

Noncytopathic

45
Q

What is the most important reservoir of BVDV?

A

Persistently infected calves

Result because of infection of cattle between 42 and 125days of gestation

Calves are immunotolerant to virus and are lifelong shedders

46
Q

Most cases of PI cattle with BVDV have what genotype

A

Type 1B

47
Q

How does BVDV cause immunosuppression?

A

Affects lymphoid organs and reduces Bcells, Tcells and neutrophils

Also affects the innate immune system

48
Q

What is the mean half life of passively acquired antibodies for BVDV?

A

23 days

49
Q

Following exposure to a PI calf, what percent of susceptible (non-vaccinated cattle) will become infected with BVDV under feedlot conditions?

A

70-100%

50
Q

What is mucosal disease?

A

Result of a PI calf (infected with non-cytopathic strain) comes into contact with cytopathological strain (or NCP mutates)

Characterized by severe digestive tract dz with ulcers and erosions throughout the tract, skin lesions, and hoof lesions (interdigital)

51
Q

Diagnosis of BVDV?

A

Virus isolation

Antigen detection — immunofluorescence, antigen capture ELISA, immunohistochemistry

Serology/antibody tests— virus neutralization

52
Q

T/F: a PI calf will be seronegative to the strain of BVD that it acquired during its gestational life

A

True

Can become seropositive if infected with a heterologous BVDV or vaccine

53
Q

How can BVDV be prevented?

A

Biosecurity

All new cattle should be tested neg (IHC or ACE) for BVDV
If female, they should remain isolated until they calve with calves tested for BVDV.

Appropriate receiving protocols, vaccination and early detection is critical

PIs isolated, euthanize or fed to market weight

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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