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Anatomy > UNIT 2: heart > Flashcards

UNIT 2: heart Flashcards

1
Q

where is the heart located?

A

middle mediastinum - behind sternum/ between 2nd and 6th ribs and between T5-8/ directly above diaphragm

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2
Q

where can you find the apex of the heart?

A

posterior to 5th intercostal space- left midclavicular line

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3
Q

where is the base of the heart?

A

posterior towards T6 to T9 (predominantly left atrium)

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4
Q

What are the four surfaces of the heart?

A
  • anterior/ sternocostal - RV
  • diaphragmatic/ inferior - LV
  • left pulmonary - LV
  • right pulmonary - RA
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5
Q

what are the four borders of the heart?

A
  • superior
  • inferior
  • left
  • right
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6
Q

what is the loose fitting sac around the heart called and what is it made of?

A

pericardium - double walled fibroserous membrane

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7
Q

what is the serous pericardium split into?

A

visceral / parietal

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8
Q

what does the parietal pericardium form?

A

epicardium - thin external layer

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9
Q

what is the function of the pericardium?

A
  • fixation of heart
  • prevents overfilling
  • lubrication
  • protection from infection
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10
Q

how are the pericardial sinuses formed? what are the two sinuses and where are they found?

A

embryological folding of primordial heart

  • transverse: separates the heart’s arterial outflow - posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk - can pass a finger through (surgeons use this for cardiac surgery/ clamps)
  • oblique: blind recess partly covering the SVC/IVC/pulmonary veins
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11
Q

which veins/arteries supply the pericardium?

A
  • pericardiophrenic artery - main supply (branch of internal thoracic artery)/ other arteries: musculophrenic/ bronchial/ esophageal/ superior phrenic/ coronary
  • pericardiophrenic veins and azygos veins
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12
Q

what are the other two external layers of heart?

A
  • myocardium = cardiac muscle

- endocardium = internal layer of endothelium/ sub-endothelial connective tissue

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13
Q

where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

venous blood from SVC/IVC

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14
Q

what is an auricle?

A

atrial appendage - muscular pouch that increases capacity of atrium on anteromedial portion
(represents primordial atrium)

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15
Q

how is the interior of the right atrium split?

A

atrium proper - anterior to cristae terminalis - rough muscular wall due to pectinate muscles
sinus venarum - posterior to cristae terminalis - smooth walls - incorporates sinus venosus

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16
Q

from which veins does the sinus venarum receive blood from?

A

SVC/ IVC/ coronary sinus

17
Q

where is the fossa ovalis found?

A

interatrial septum - remnant of oval foramen (foetus - bypass lung)

18
Q

where is the sulcus terminalis found on right atrium?

A

external surface -terminal groove

19
Q

what is the name of upper region of the right ventricle?

describe its feature

A

conus arteriosus

smooth wall/ cone shaped

20
Q

what is the name of the ridged muscular wall separating the outflow part from inflow part of right ventricle?

A

supraventricular crest

21
Q

what is the name of the partition between the right and left ventricle? describe its two parts

A

interventricular septum

  • upper: membranous part - thin - continuous with fibrous skeleton of heart
  • lower: muscular part - thick due to high blood pressure produced by LV
22
Q

what is the name of the irregular muscular elevations in ventricles?

A

trabecular carneae

23
Q

what is the name of the moderator band which carries the right branches of the AV bundle and what does this facilitate?

A

septomarginal trabecula

- allows co-ordinated contraction of anterior papillary muscle

24
Q

what forms the tricuspid valve?

A

three cusps: anterior/ posterior/ septal which are controlled by contraction of papillary muscles connected by chordae tendinae

25
Q

what forms the semilunar valve?

A

three pulmonary valve cusps: left/ anterior/ right

26
Q

describe features of a semilunar cusp (pulmonary)

A

pulmonary sinus - a pouch of cusp formed by and dilated wall of pulmonary vein

  • when filled with blood, prevents sticking of cusps to wall of PT and so closes the valve to prevent backflow
  • lunule - fibrous margin of cusp/ nodule - peak of cusp
27
Q

where can the left auricle be found and what does it contain?

A

superior left border - overlapping pulmonary trunk

- contains pectinate muscles

28
Q

how does blood enter the left atrium?

A

via two pairs of pulmonary veins - left/right

29
Q

what is the name of the outflow tract in the left ventricle?

A

aortic vestibule

30
Q

what is the name of the opening where ascending aorta begins?

A

aortic orifice

31
Q

how many cusps does the aortic valve?

A

right/left/posterior

32
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton made out of?

A

fibrous framework of dense collagen
- 4 fibrous rings (for 4 valves) connected by two fibrous trigones which also connect membranous parts of interatrial/ IV septum

33
Q

what are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  • attachment for myocardium
  • attachment for cusps
  • electrical insulator -separates atrial/ ventricular impulses
  • prevents disextension of orifices
34
Q

what is the main arterial supply of heart?

A

coronary arteries - right/ left

35
Q

where does the right coronary artery arise from and what are its branches?

A

arises from right aortic sinus

  • SA/ AV nodal branches - SA/ AV node
  • MARGINAL ARTERY - right border
  • POSTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY/ INFERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY - both ventricles
36
Q

where does the left coronary artery arise from and what are its branches?

A

arises from left aortic sinus

  • CIRCUMFLEX ARTERY
  • ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR ARTERY/ ANTERIOR DESCENDING ARTERY
37
Q

What is the main vein of the heart?

A

coronary sinus - runs in posterior part of coronary sulcus

38
Q

what veins empty into the coronary sinus?

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • left posterior ventricular vein/ marginal vein
39
Q

where do the anterior cardiac veins empty into?

A

directly into the right atrium

Anatomy (33 decks)

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