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General Pharmacology > Antiviral & Antifungal Drugs > Flashcards

Antiviral & Antifungal Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the targets of viruses? (3)

A

lipoprotein envelope
protein capsid
DNA or RNA core

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2
Q

What are the general approaches to attack viruses? (3)

A

Vaccination
Chemotherapy
Stimulation of host resistance mechanisms

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3
Q

Viral drugs work by acting on different phases of viral attachment to the host. Name them. (5)

A

Phase 1: Attachment/penetration into host cell
Phase 2:Uncoating of the virus
Phase 3:Synthesis of viral DNA
Phase 4: Protein synthesis by host cell
Phase 5,6: Assembly and release of virus

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4
Q

What phase does gamma globulin (IgG) work upon?

What is its mechanism of action?

A

Phase 1

It blocks the attachment of the virus to the host.

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5
Q

What phase does amantadine (Symmetrel) work upon?

What is its mechanism of action?

A

Phase II: uncoating

It targets M2 protein and inhibits the acidification of the virus.

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6
Q

What 2 drugs are given orally for prevention and treatment of early infection of influenza A virus?

A

amantadine (Symmetrel)

rimantadine (Flumadine)

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7
Q

What drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors? (2)

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Zanamivir (Relenza)

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8
Q

What phase does Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) which are neuramidase inhibitors work?

What is the mechanism of action?

A

Phase 1,6 drug: attachment and assembly/release

Inhibit neurominidase (sialidase) of influenza A and B.

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9
Q

What drugs catalyze the cleavage of a sugar residue, preventing the spread of the virus in the respiratory tract?

A

neuramidase inhibitors

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza)

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10
Q

What drug blocks viron release?

A

Tamiflu

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11
Q

What drug requires herpes viral thymidine kinase for activation and is given for a variety of herpes infections?

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

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12
Q

What phase does acyclovir (Zovirax) work upon?

What is its mechanism of action?

A

Synthesis of DNA/RNA

It competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase.

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13
Q

What drug is effective against herpes simplex virus strains that are deficient in thymidine kinase?

A

Foscarnet (Foscavir)

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14
Q

What drug is used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in pts with AIDS?

A

Foscarnet (Foscavir)

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15
Q

What drug is used for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex?

A

Foscarnet (Foscavir)

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16
Q

What drug is used as an aerosol for severe lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus?

A

Ribavirin (Virazole, Rebetol)

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17
Q

What drug is used in conjunction with interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C?

A

Ribavirin (Virazole, Rebetol)

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18
Q

What are the sites of action for HIV drugs? (2)

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside and non-nucleoside)

protease inhibitors

19
Q

What was the was the first drug licensed for use in HIV treatment?

A

zidovudine (AZT)

20
Q

What HIV drug forms this combination?

zidovudine + lamivudine

A

Combivir

21
Q

What HIV drug forms this combination?

abacavir + lamivudine + zidovudine

A

Trizivir

22
Q

What drug interferes with the entry of HIV-1 into cells?

A

Fuzeon (enfuvirtide)

23
Q

What HIV drug inhibits the fusion of viral and cellular membranes?

A

Fuzeon (enfuvirtide)

24
Q

What antiviral drugs work on the attachment and penetration (Phase 1) site? (3)

A

Gamma globulin

Fuzeon

Tamiflu

25
Q

What are the sites of action for antifungal drugs? (4)

A

Damage cell membrane

Block cell division

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

26
Q

What antifungal drugs damage the cell membrane as their site of action? (2)

A

Amphotericin B
Azoles

27
Q

What antifungal drug blocks cell division?

A

Griseofulvin

28
Q

What antifungal drug inhibits nucleic acid synthesis?

A

5-Flucytosine

29
Q

What antifungal drug inhibits cell wall biosynthesis?

A

Caspofungin

30
Q

What are 2 key points to remember about the antifungal drug Ampohtericin B?

A

It is a broad spectrum agent.

It is a polyene antibiotic.

31
Q

What antifungal drug:

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
binds to sterols in the fungal membrane
prefers ergosterol over cholesterol

A

Amphotericin B

32
Q

What is the premier antifungal drug used to treat the most severe systemic mycoses (e.g. blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis)?

A

Amphotericin B

Note: This is the gold standard.

33
Q

What antifungal drug is also known as “amphoterrible”? Why?

A

Amphotericin B because it causes renal toxicity (80%)!!

34
Q

What antifungal drug is:

similar to amphotericin B
used topically/orally for candida

A

NYstatin

Note: NY= NY state

35
Q

What antifungal drug binds to microtubules to prevent mitotic spindle formation?

A

Griseofulvin

36
Q

What antifungal drug:

NARROW spectrum
treats athlete’s foot
can cause GI upset and headache
otherwise minimal side effects

A

Griseofulvin

37
Q

What are synthetic antifungal agents called?

A

Azoles

38
Q

What antifungal agent inhibits ergosterol synthesis, leading to a damaged and leaky membrane?

A

Azoles

39
Q

What are key points to know about fluconazole (Diflucan)? (5)

A

Broad spectrum
Treats most candida species
Single oral dose
Treats fungal meningitis
Reaches high concentration in the CNS

40
Q

What antifungal drug:

is a derivative of Diflucan
primary treatment for invasive aspergillosis

A

Voriconazole

41
Q

What are key points to remember for the antifungal drug Itraconazole (Sporanox)? (3)

A

Broad spectrum
Hydrophobic
Low gastric pH for absorption

42
Q

What new antifungal drug prevents Candida and Aspergillus infections in immunocomparomised patients?

A

Posaconazole (Noxafil)

43
Q

What antifungal drug treats dandruff?

A

Ketoconazole

General Pharmacology (24 decks)

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