Chapter 3 Flashcards
- Define unconditioned reflex. Give two examples of an unconditioned reflex.
An unconditioned reflex is a stimulus- response sequence in which a stimulus elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning. These are unborn. Two examples:
- when you turn the lights in in the morning, your pupils construct. The bright light was the stimulus and the pupil construction was the response. Together this formed a unconditioned reflex.
- sticking your finger in your throat (stimulus) elicits vomiting/ gagging (response). Together this forms and uncoditioned reflex.
- Define conditioned reflex and describe the example of a conditioned reflex illustrated in the case if Sudan the figure skater in chapter 3.
A conditioned reflex is a stimulus-response sequence in which a stimulus elicits a response because the stimulus was paired with a different stimulus that elicited that response. In the case of Susan, the tilt in the air as she was falling was the initial stimulus that resulted in her feeling fear (unconditioned response ). Fall on ground is unconditioned stimulus. However, because the tilt in the air that lead to falling was paired with its her take off position, now she feels fear (conditioned response $ even when she is in take off position (used to be neutral stimulus but is now conditioned stimulus); this is an example of s conditionrd reflex (p.30)
- What are two other names for respondent conditioning?
Classical conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning and reflexive learning.
- State the procedure and result of respondent conditioning
Respondent conditioning included the procedure if pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) which elicited an unconditioned response (UR), and the result is that the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)
- See diagram in notes
See diagram
- In respondent conditioning, what does each of the following stand for: NS, US, UR, CS and CR?
In respondent conditioning NS stands for neutral stimulus, US stands for unconditioned stimulus, UR stands for unconditioned response, CS stands for conditioned stimulus and CR stands for conditioned response
- In a sentence each briefly state five variables that influence the development of a conditioned reflex
- greater number if pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) , the greater the ability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit the (CR), until the maximum strength of the conditioned reflex had been reached
- stronger conditioning occurs if the CS presses the US by just a second, rather than by a longer time or rather than by following the US
- A CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if the CS is always paired with a given US, than if only occasionally paired with the US
- when several neutral stimulus precede a US the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become the strong CS
- respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are intense rather than weak
- Describe the procedure and result of a positive reinforcement
The procedure involves the presentation of a reinforcer immediately after a behaviour. The result of positive reinforcement is that the behaviours strengthened/ behaviour increase
- Define conditioned reinforcer. Describe 2 sport examples
A conditioned reinforcer is a stimulus that was bit originally reinforcing that aquired reinforcing Cali’s through appropriate pairings with other reinforcers; they are also known as secondary or learned reinforcers. Two sport examples of conditioned reinforcers are:
- getting a safe hit in baseball (this would lead to praise from Crowd therefore the safe hit paired with the praise is a conditioned reinforcer)
- scoring touchdown in football
- Distinguish between a natural reinforcer and a deliberately- programmes reinforcer. Illustrate with sport example
Reinforcers that immediately follow a behaviour in the normal course of everyday living are called natural reinforcers; they occur in natural environment(automatic ). However, when reinforcers are considered deliberately manipulated in order to change behaviours, then the reinforcers are considered deliberately programmed
- an example of a natural reinforcer is when the crowd cheers when a basketball player scored. He feels good and is therefore more likely to do it again
- an example of a deliberately programmed reinforcer is if a coach tells the players that if they can all finish a set of lines in 30 seconds the team will play a fun scrimmage at the end of practice. Therefore players will work more hard.
- What are two differences between the effects of continuous versus intermittent reinforcement ?
In a continuous schedule, every occurrence of a specified a response is reinforced. In an intermittent schedule responses are only reinforced occasionally.
2 differences
- individuals are likely to work much more consistently on certain intermittent schedules of reinforcement than on continuous reinforcement
- a behaviours that has been reinforced intermittently is likely to take much longer to extinguish (bring to an end ) than a behaviour that is reinforced continuously
- Define fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement and give a sport example that is not in this chapter
A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is a type of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of a certain response is emitted. A sport example would be if a hockey player is allowed to get a drink of water (reinforcer) Adel she scores 10 times in the goaltender at practice ( a fixed number of a certain response ). This would be a FR (fixed ratio)- 10 schedule
- Define variable interval schedule with a limited hold and give a sport example that is not in this chapter
A variable interval schedule with a limited hold is a type of schedule that requires only one response, but that response must occur at an unpredictable period of turn. A sport example of this would be if at unpredictable intervals (ex-5 mins, then 2 mind, then 12 mins ), the coach checks to see if the hockey players are on task with a passing drill. If they are then they earn points that can lead to a fun shootout st the end of practice (reinforcer). If they aren’t in task when it’s time for the coach to check they don’t earn the points.
- Define avoidance conditioning and give a sport example.
Avoidance conditioning involves learning behaviours that prevent unpleasant events from occurring. Ex. Ice hockey player learning to keep his head up to avoid getting knocked down by an opponent.
- List three differences between operant behaviour and respondent behaviour (table 3-2)
- Operant behaviour is controlled by consequences whereas respondent behaviour involves automatic responses to prior stimuli
- Operant behaviour is referred to as voluntary behaviour whereas respondent behaviour is referred to as reflexive or involuntary
- Operant behaviour usually involves skeletal muscle, whereas respondent behaviour usually involves smooth muscles and glands that control GI tract and blood vessels
