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1st year systems > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

when is the pre-embryonic phase

A

0-3 weeks

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2
Q

when is the embryonic phase

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

when is the foetal phase

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

what haapens in week one of pre-embronic phase

A

zygote is forned, divides to blastocyst

Moves through uterine tube, to reach uterine cavity.

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5
Q

what does zygote form?

A

morula

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6
Q

what does morulas form

A

blastocyst

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7
Q

what happens in week 2 pre-embryonic phase

A

Implantation occurs in the uterine endometrial layer and placenta begins to develop (this may start by day 6 of 1st week)

Cells that later form the embryo form a bilaminar disc

Sacs, membranes and cord to nourish the human conceptus (baby) start to form

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8
Q

whats the uterine wall callled

A

endometrium

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9
Q

whats implantation

A

the blastocyst begins to burrow into the uterine wall

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10
Q

Cells that form the outer cell mass is initially called the

A

trophoblast

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11
Q

what does the trohpoblast form?

A

the chorion

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12
Q

whats the function of chorions

A 
Implantation process (chorionic villi)
Forms part of the placenta in due course
Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (used to detect pregnancy)
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13
Q

what hapens to the inner cell mass?

A

The cells of the inner cell mass form a 2–layered flat disc called the BILAMINAR DISC

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14
Q

what are the 2 cavities thta begin to form?

A

amniotic cavity and yolk sac

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15
Q

what are the main functions of placenta?

A

Foetal nutrition
Transport of waste and gases
Immune etc

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16
Q

Fertilisation zygote-> morula -> blastocyst with inner cell mass -> bilaminar disc with amniotic cavity above and yolk sac below

A

some key info init

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17
Q

Morula reaches uterine cavity -> blastocyst implants-> outer cells form chorionic villi which help implantation -> decidua basalis formed -> placental formation begins

A

where it all happens

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18
Q

what is GASTRULATION

A

Formation of germ layers

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19
Q

what is NEURULATION

A

Formation of neural tube

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20
Q

what happens in week 3

A

–GASTRULATION

NEURULATION

Development of somites

Early development of cardiovascular system

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21
Q

where does epiblast cells migrate into?

A

space between epiblast and hypoblast

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22
Q

what are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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23
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst -> bilaminar disc -> primitive streak -> cells from primitive streak invaginate, displace hypoblast -> endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

A

yeet

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24
Q

when does heart beat start?

A

day 24

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25
Q

whats Teratology

A

Study of when things go wrong during development

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26
Q

what are Teratogens

A

environmental factors that cause abnormal development.

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27
Q

what is Congenital rubella syndrome caused by

A

contraction of german measles when pregnant

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28
Q

what are Malformed limbs due to

A

maternal use of Thalidomide

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29
Q

how many sperm penetrates the egg

A

one

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30
Q

what will a blastocyst reach if it moves through the uterine tube?

A

uterine cavity

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31
Q

which parent does mitochondria and cell organelles come from?

A

mother

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32
Q

If a father had an effected mitrochondria disease and the mother was uneffected, how will the children turn out?

What would happen if it was vise versa?

A

unaffected

the children would be affected

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33
Q

What is a morula

A

a solid ball of cells divded from a zygote

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34
Q

how does a morula become a blaszstocyst?

A

enlarges and divides further

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35
Q

what are the outer cells surrounding the blastocyst?

A

trohpoblast

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36
Q

what are the 2 types of population forming a blastocyst

A

trophoblast and inner cell mass

37
Q

what is the genetic info of the trophoblast?

A

same chromosomal make up as the baby/ inner cell mass

38
Q

what does the inner cell mass produce?

A

the baby

39
Q

what is the inner lingin of the uterus

A

endometrium

40
Q

whats the element in the fertilised ovum in the fallopian tube that makes it move

A

it has cilia

41
Q

what happens if the cilia gets destroyed?

A

ectopic pregnancy (implantation in the tube, couldnt move out the tube)

42
Q

what do chorions penetrate?

A

endometrium

43
Q

what forms the placenta?

A

chorion

44
Q

what is the decidua

A

endometrium

45
Q

what hormone is secreted by the chorion?

A

hCG

46
Q

what does the inner cell mass flatten to form?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

47
Q

what sits above the epiblast?

A

amniotic cavity

48
Q

what sits below the hypoblast?

A

yolk sac

49
Q

what surrounds the embryo?

A

amniotic cavity

50
Q

what is the main source of nutrition for embryo

A

umbilical cord

51
Q

other than umbillical cord what else is a source of nutrition for an embryo?

A

yolk sac

52
Q

how long does it take for the respiratory system to grow to full length with the lobes?

A

8 weeks

53
Q

describe the steps for the growth of the respiratory system

A

Tubular outgrowth from foregut

This outgrowth will develop into trachea and lung buds

Trachea will separate from oesophagus and lung buds will proliferate.

Proliferating lung buds will invaginate laterally into the pleural cavities, so forming visceral & parietal pleura and the pleural cavity

Meanwhile, a transverse septal “shelf” will begin to develop between thorax and abdomen, below the pleural cavities.

. This shelf is composed of 4 components, which fuse to form the diaphragm

54
Q

what does folding of the embryo give rise to?

A

primitive gut tube

55
Q

what forms the foregut?

A

trachea and lungs

56
Q

where does the gut tube form from?

A

endoderm

57
Q

when is the development of the trachea and lungs?

A

4 weeks

58
Q

where is the development of the trachea and lungs?

A

from ventral wall of foregut

59
Q

where is the laryngotracheal groove

A

ventral part of the foregut

60
Q

what does the diverticulum (endoderm) become invested with to form trachea and lung buds

A

mesoderm

61
Q

where does the oesophagotracheal sputum develop?

A

between the oesophagus and trachea

62
Q

what is a fistula?

A

an abnormal or surgically made passage between a tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs

63
Q

what is atresia?

A

= a condition in which an orifice or passage in

the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent.

64
Q

what are common congenital abnormalities with the trachea and lung?

A

TOF (tracheoesophageal fistula) and astresia

65
Q

what does the layers of visceral and parietal pleura form?

A

pleural cavity

66
Q

what are the layers of visceral and parietal pleura formed from?

A

mesoderm

67
Q

which layer does the lungs need as they develop

A

visceral pleurafrom the splanchnic mesoderm.

68
Q

what does the thoracic wall become lined with? and where is this derived from?

A

parietal pleura, derived from somatic mesoderm.

69
Q

whats the gap between parietal and visceral pleurae called? and what will this eventually become?

A

pleuroperitoneal canals

pleural cavaties

70
Q

where does the pleuropericardial folds form around?

A

primitive heart and it seperates pleural cavities from pericardial cAVITIES

71
Q

What develops into the visceral pleura?

A

the mesoderm which covers the outside of the lung

72
Q

what becomes the parietal pleura?

A

the somatic mesoderm, covering the body wall from the inside

73
Q

what are the stages of lung development

A 
embryonic
pseudo glandular
canalicular
saccular
alveolar
74
Q

what happens in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Setup of all pulmonary structures except elements needed for gas exchange

75
Q

what happens in the canalicular stage?

A

The terminal bronchioles give rise to tubes that make up respiratory part of the lung. Differentiation of epithelium into Type II pneumocytes which will synthesize the surfactant, and flat cells - Type I pneumocytes.

76
Q

what happpens in the saccular stage

A

Formation of alveolar sacs. The alveolar sacs will be progressively divided into smaller subunits leading to the formation of alveoli.

77
Q

what happens in the alveolar stage?

A

formation of the alveoli terminal sacs

78
Q

what is surfactant composed of?

A

mixture of phospholipids and protiens

79
Q

what is surfactant secreted by?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes

80
Q

what does the septum transversum develop into

A

central tendon

81
Q

what does Pleuroperitoneal membranes contribute to?

A

primitive diaphragm

82
Q

what does Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus contribute to?

A

median portion & crura of diaphragm

83
Q

what does Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls contribute to?

A

peripheral parts of diaphragm

84
Q

what are the four embryonic components that develops the diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Dorsal mesentery of oesophagus
Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls

85
Q

where is the septum tfansversum initially located in week three?

A

opposite c3-c5 somites

86
Q

what are three major defects for congenital abnormalities

A

Failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development
Herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest
Pulmonary hypoplasia

87
Q

whats a hernia

A

Herniais a general term used to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it.

88
Q

what are the three types of diaphragmatic herniae?

A

poaterolateral
anterior
central

89
Q

what are the types of hiatal herniae

A

sliding hiatus hernia

paraesophageal hiatus hernia

1st year systems (74 decks)

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