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1st year systems > Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema > Flashcards

Pathophysiology of Congestion & Oedema Flashcards

1
Q

what is congestion?

A

relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue

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2
Q

is congestion active or passive

A

passive

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3
Q

is congestion acute or chronic?

A

can be both

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4
Q

what are clinical pathology examples of congestion?

A

local acute congestion
local chronic congestion
generalised acute congestion

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5
Q

whats an example of local acute congestion?

A

deep vein thrombosis

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6
Q

whats an example of chronic congestion

A

hepatic cirrhosis

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7
Q

whats an example of generalised acute congestion?

A

congestive cardiac failure

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8
Q

what is the deep vain blocked by?

A

localised acute congestion

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9
Q

how does blood being backed up in veins/venules/capillaries effect blood, flow and pressure?

A

decreased outflow of blood

decreased pressure gradient

decreased flow across system

no oxygen therefore ischaemia and infarction

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10
Q

what does hepatic cirrhosis result from?

A

serious liver damage e.g. HBV and alcohol

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11
Q

where is the congestion in hepatic cirrhosis?

A

portal vein and branches

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12
Q

what happens to the heart with congestive heart failure?

A

unable to clear blood, right and left ventricle

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13
Q

what effects does congestive heart failure have on the body?

A

decreased cardiac output

decreased renal glomuler filtration rate

activation of RAAS

increase amount of fluid in the body

fluid overload in the veins

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14
Q

with what medication would treat fluid overload in the veins?

A

diuretics

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15
Q

what effects does congestive cardiac failure have on the lungs and in turn how does this effect anything else?

A

pulmonary oedema in the lungs, this results in -

left heart failure- blood dams back into lungs

crepitations in lungs, tachycardia

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16
Q

what effects does congestive cardiac failure have on the liver and in turn how does this effect anything else?

A

cetral venous congestion, this results in -

right heart failure- blood dams back into systemic circulation

increased JVP, hepatomegaly, peripheral oedema

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17
Q

what is the appearence of a hepatic central venous congested liver macroscopically?

A

“Nutmeg” liver red/brown & pale spotty appearance

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18
Q

why are pericentral hepatocytes red?

A

stasis of poorly oxygenated blood

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19
Q

why are periportal hepatocytes pale?

A

better oxygenated

20
Q

why are periportal hepatocytes better oxygenated?

A

proximity of hepatic arterioles

21
Q

what are the three components that affect net flux and filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure

oncotic pressure

permeability characteristics and area of endotheliem

22
Q

what is an oedema?

A

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular compartment

23
Q

what is peripheral oedema?

A

iincreased interstitial fluid in tissues

24
Q

what are effusions?

A

fluid collections in body cavities for eg pleural, pericardial

25
Q

what is transudate?

A

fluid that has been pushed through the capillary wall due to high pressure

26
Q

what is transudate composed of?

A

lots of H2O and electrolytes

not much protein or albumin

27
Q

what is exudate?

A

part of inflammatory process due to increased vascular permeability

it leaks out the capillaries

28
Q

what is exudate composed of?

A

higher protein/albumin and H2O and electrolytes

29
Q

what is the pathophysiology of pulmonary oedema in left ventricular failure?

A

increased atrial pressure

increased pulmonary vascular pressure

increased pulmomary blood volume

increased pulmomary hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

what is the pathophysiology of pulmonary oedema in lungs?

A

perivascular and interstitial transudate

progressive oedematous widening of alveolar septa

accumulation of oedema fluid in alveolar spaces

31
Q

what is the pathophysiology of peripheral oedema in right heart failure?

A

right heart failure- cannot empty RV in systole

32
Q

what is the pathophysiology of peripheral oedema in congestive cardiac failure?

A

right and left ventricles both fail

pulmonary oedea and peripheral oedema at the same time

all about the hydrostatic pressure

33
Q

whats the pathophysiology of lymphatic obstruction?

A

hydrostatic pressure upset!

34
Q

what does lymphatic system blocked lead to?

A

lymphoedema

35
Q

what does the abnormal renal function result in?

A

salt and h2o retention

36
Q

decreased renal function os the result of what? (4)

A

increased salt and h2o

increased intravascular fluid volume

secondary increased hydrostatic pressure

oedema

37
Q

what is low protein oedema?

A

transudate

38
Q

is oncotic pressure related to transudate?

A

yes

39
Q

what does hypoalbuminaemia result in ?

A

decreased oncotic pressure which leads to increased filtration

40
Q

in the arterial side,

which is bigger- capillary hydrostatic pressure or capillary oncotic pressure ?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

41
Q

in the venous side,

which is bigger- capillary hydrostatic pressure or capillary oncotic pressure ?

A

capillary oncotic pressure

42
Q

why does exudate contrain more protenis that transudate?

A

damage to endothelial lining produces large pores for proteins and larger molecules t leak out from not just water

43
Q

upsetting the …… forces can lead to oedema?

A

starling

44
Q

what is darcy’s law?

A 
Q = blood flow
P = pressure
R = resistance

Q= change of P/R

45
Q

how are nodules formed in hepatocytes?

A

liver tries to regenerate around the damage

46
Q

what is the portal blood flow

A

Circulation of blood to the liver from the small intestine, the right half of the colon, and the spleen through the portal vein; sometimes specified as the hepatic portal circulation.

1st year systems (74 decks)

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