Breast Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common benign neoplasm of the breast, usually occuring in women <30 years old?

A

Fibroadenoma

Mobile soft lump in the breast usually in young women

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2
Q

Fibroadenomas usually become non-palpable after the menopause. True/False?

A

True

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3
Q

What larger benign tumour can mimic fibroadenoma?

A

Phyllodes tumour

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4
Q

Mastalgia is usually unilateral. True/False?

A

False

Can be unilateral but usually bilateral

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5
Q

List conservative management that can improve mastalgia

A

Well-fitting firm bra
Regular exercise
Evening primrose oil
Tamoxifen

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6
Q

What is the most common aetiology of spontaneous nipple discharge?

A

Intraductal papilloma

Cauliflower extension forming in milk duct of breast

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7
Q

How does Paget’s disease usually present on the nipple?

A

Dry, eczematous, scaly lesion

Can be erythematous and weeping

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8
Q

What antibiotic should be administered as soon as mastitis is suspected?

A

Flucloxacillin or any Staph aureus sensitive antibiotic

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9
Q

Breastfeeding should be continued even if there is mastitis. True/False?

A

True

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10
Q

A tender lump in the breast, usually in women 30-50 years old is typically indicative of…

A

Benign cyst

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11
Q

Chronic mastitis in the breast which is resistant to antibiotics is typically indicative of…

A

Breast abscess

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12
Q

What term is used to describe the fact that most benign breast disorders are relatively minor aberrations of the normal processes of the breast?

A

Alterations in normal development and involution of the breast (ANDI)

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13
Q

What percentage of all symptomatic women typically have benign breast disease?

A

80%

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14
Q

List clinically relevant risk factors for breast cancer

A
Increasing age
Gene mutation
Early menarche
Late menopause
Nulliparity
Obesity
Previous breast cancer
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15
Q

List the most common clinical features of breast cancer

A
Dimpled/depressed skin
Visible lump
Nipple change (inversion)
Bloody discharge
Texture change
Colour change
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16
Q

List management options for breast cancer

A
LOCAL: 
Surgery (reconstruction, lumpectomy, masectomy)
Radiotherapy
SYSTEMIC:
Chemotherapy
Harmonal therapies (oestrogen blockade)
Targeted therapy (antibodies)
17
Q

What is the preferred treatment for breast cancer - mastectomy or breast-conserving therapy?

A

Breast-conserving therapy involving radiotherapy/chemotherapy and/or wide local excision

18
Q

What is the most common hormonal therapy for breast cancer?

A

Tamoxifen

19
Q

HER2 overexpression is implicated in some breast cancer (15%) - what treatment targets this specifically?

A

Trastuzumab monoclonal antibody (Herceptin)

20
Q

What is the screening schedule for breast cancer?

A

Mammogram every 3 years for women aged 50-70

21
Q

What is carried out in the “one-stop” clinic?

A

Clinical (history and examination)
Imaging (mammogram, ultrasound)
Pathology (biopsy)

22
Q

What adjuvant systemic treatment options are there for breast cancer?

A

HRT (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors e.g. letrozole)

Trastuzumab (if HER2 positive)

23
Q

Letrozole can only be used in postmenopausal women. True/False?

A

True

24
Q

Most women with breast cancer present with symptoms. True/ False?

A

False
50% asymptomatic via screening route
50% symptomatic and half with a lump

25
Q

State the most common side effect of using radiotherapy in breast cancer

A

Lymphodema in the arm

26
Q

List common side effects of using chemotherapy in breast cancer

A
Anorexia
Malaise
Neutropenia
Alopecia
Myalgia
Peripheral neuropathy
Axial skeleton pain
27
Q

List common side effects of oestrogen blockade in the management of breast cancer

A

Hot flushes
Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal dryness

28
Q

List common side effects of using herceptin in the management of breast cancer

A

Allergic reactions

Reversible cardiac failure

29
Q

Detection of a new lump in breast cancer is usually indicative of breast cancer. True/ False

A

False

Typically fat necrosis

30
Q

After treatment of breast cancer, how is a patient followed up?

A

Surgical review 1 year from surgery

Yearly mammogram for 3 years

31
Q

Outline palliative management of breast cancer

A

Systemic treatment for widespread disease (oestrogen blockade, chemotherapy)
Radiotherapy for fungating disease or bone mets
Biphosphonates for bone mets as prevention