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Biology 1306 > Chapter 5, 6, 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 5, 6, 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Allows some substances to move across more easily than others

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Has both a hydrophobic region and hydrophilic region

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3
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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4
Q

The membrane remains fluid at lower temperature if it is rich in _________

A

Phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

Kinks in the tails where the double bonds are located make it impossible to pack closely together

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5
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer.

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6
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Span the entire membrane

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7
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all; they are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

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8
Q

6 major functions of membrane proteins

A 
Transport
Enzymatic Activity
Signal Transduction 
Cell-Cell Recognition 
Intercellular Joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

The Elephant Shits Cranberries In Alabama

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9
Q

Cell Cell Recognition

A

A cells ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

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10
Q

Glycolipids

A

Membrane carbohydrates that are short branched chains of fewer than 15 sugar units covalently bonded to lipids

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11
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Membrane carbohydrates bonded to proteins

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12
Q

Nonpolar molecules such as hydrocarbons, CO2, and O2 are _________and dissolve in the ___________ of the membrane and cross it easily.

A

Hydrophobic, lipid bilayer

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13
Q

Transport proteins

A

Span the membrane and aid in the movement of specific ions and polar molecules

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14
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Function by having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel

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15
Q

Aquaporins

A

A channel protein that facilitates the passage of water molecules through the plasma membrane of certain cells.

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16
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Hold onto their passengers and change shape in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles of any substance so that they tend to spread out into the available space.

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

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20
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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21
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

No net movement of water across plasma membrane

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22
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell shrivels as water leaves due to more no penetrating solute

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water will enter the cell and bursts or lyse

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24
Q

Plant cells are ________ and generally healthiest in a __________environment

A

Turgid, hypotonic

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25
Q

Plants are flaccid in a ________ solution

A

Isotonic

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26
Q

Plants become _____________ in a hypertonic solution

A

Plasmolyzed

Plasmolysis- plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall.

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27
Q

Osmoregulation

A

The control of solute concentrations and water balance

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28
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive diffusion with the help of transport proteins that span the membrane

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29
Q

Ion channels

A

Channel proteins that transport ions

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30
Q

Gated channels

A

Ion channels which open or close in response to a stimulus

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31
Q

Active transport

A

Expending energy to move something across membrane

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32
Q

Hydrophobic and small uncharged polar molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer through

A

Passive diffusion

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33
Q

Hydrophilic substances diffuse through membranes with the assistance of

A

Transport proteins, either channel or carrier proteins

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34
Q

Energy for active transport is usually supplied by

A

ATP

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35
Q

Membrane potential

A

Voltage across a membrane

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36
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

The combination of electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion

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37
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

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38
Q

Proton pump

A

The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria

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39
Q

Cotransport

A

A transport protein can couple the downhill diffusion of a solution to the uphill transport is a second substance against its own concentration gradient

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40
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process in which the cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

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41
Q

Endocutosis

A

The process where a cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

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42
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis-cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a food vacuole

Pinocytosis-a cell continually gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles

Receptor mediated endocytosis-specialized type of pinocytosis where specific substances are acquired

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43
Q

3 stages on the receiving cell

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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44
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that specifically bonds to another molecule

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45
Q

Plasma membrane is built by the

A

ER and Golgi apparatus

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46
Q

Two types of facilitated diffusion

A

Channel proteins and carrier proteins

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47
Q

Two types of channel proteins

A

Aquaporins and ion channels

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48
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Local signaling in animal cells where messenger molecules are secreted by a signaling cell

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49
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Consists of an electrical signal moving along a nerve cell that triggers secretion of neurotransmitter molecules

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50
Q

In long distance signaling, plants and animals use chemicals called

A

Hormones

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51
Q

Ligand binding generally causes a shape change in the

A

Receptor

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52
Q

Two types of membrane receptors

A

G protein coupled receptors

Ligand Gated ion channels

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53
Q

Examples of hydrophobic messengers

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones of animals and nitric oxide in both plants and animals

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54
Q

Protein Kinases

A

Transfer phosphates from ATP to protein in a process called phosphorylation

55
Q

A signaling pathway involving phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can be referred to as a

A

Phosphorylation cascade

56
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organisms chemical reactions

57
Q

A metabolic pathway begins with a specific ________ and ends with a ________

A

Molecule, product

58
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Example: cellular respiration

59
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler onesies

Example:synthesis of proteins from amino acids

60
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Study of how energy flows through living organisms

61
Q

Heat is

A

Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

62
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

63
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformation

64
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy of the universe is constant and can be transferred but not created or destroyed

65
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer increases the entropy, disorder, of the universe

66
Q

For a process to occur spontaneously it must

A

Increase the entropy of the universe

67
Q

A living systems free energy is

A

Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in a living cell

68
Q

Change in free energy=

A

Gfinal-Ginitial

Only process with negative G are spontaneous

69
Q

A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving towards

A

Equilibrium

70
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

71
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorbs free energy from surroundings and is non spontaneous

72
Q

Cells are not in ___________: they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials

A

Equilibrium

73
Q

Three main kinds of work a cell does

A

Chemical
Transport
Mechanical

74
Q

Energy Coupling

A

The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

75
Q

ATP is composed of

A

Ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

76
Q

Bonds of the phosphate groups can be broken by

A

Hydrolysis-energy is released when the terminal phosphate bond is broken

77
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediate

A

Recipient of a phosphate group

78
Q

ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in a proteins __________ and often it’s ability to bond to another molecule

A

Shape

79
Q

ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by the addition of a phosphate groups to

A

ADP

80
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

81
Q

Enzyme

A

A catalytic protein

82
Q

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the

A

Activation energy

83
Q

A catalyst can speed up a reaction by lowering the _________ without itself being consumed

A

Ea- enzymes do not affect the change in free energy

84
Q

The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzymes_______

A

Substrate

85
Q

The enzyme binds to a substrate forming a

A

Enzyme substrate complex

86
Q

The active site is the

A

Region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

87
Q

Enzyme specificity results from the complementary fit between the shape of the enzymes active site and the shape of the

A

Substrate

88
Q

The active site can lower an Ea barrier by:

A

Orienting substrate correctly

Straining substrate bonds

Providing a favorable micro environment

Covalently bonding to the substrate

89
Q

When all enzyme molecules in a solution are bonded with substrate, the enzyme is

A

Saturated

At enzyme saturation, reaction speed can only be increased by adding more enzyme

90
Q

Cofactors are

A

Non protein enzyme helpers, may be inorganic or organic

Example: most vitamins act as coenzymes

91
Q

Organic cofactors is called

A

Coenzyme

92
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

93
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

Bind to another part of an enzyme causing it to change shape and making the active site less effective

94
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity

95
Q

Cooperativity

A

A form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

96
Q

In feedback inhibition the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the

A

Pathway

97
Q

Fermentation

A

Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen

98
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Consumed organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP

99
Q

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

100
Q

Oxidation

A

Substance loses electrons

101
Q

Reduction

A

Substance gains electrons

102
Q

Electron donor is called the

A

Reducing agent

103
Q

The electron receptor is called the

A

Oxidizing agent

104
Q

During cellular respiration _______ is oxidized and _______ is reduced

A

Fuel, oxygen

105
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis

Pyrivate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

106
Q

Electrons are passed to increasingly ____________ carrier molecules down the chain through a series of redox reactions

A

Electronegative

107
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol

108
Q

Pyruvate oxidation and the __________ completes the breakdown of of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix

A

Citric acid cycle

109
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Accounts for most of the ATP synthesis and occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

110
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for nearly _________ percent of ATP generated

A

90

111
Q

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

112
Q

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration the cell makes up to ______ molecules of ATP

A

32

113
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the

A

Cytoplasm

114
Q

Net yield of Glycolysis is

A

2 ATP plus 2 NADH per glucose molecule

115
Q

Glycolysis occurs whether or not _________ is present or not

A

Oxygen

116
Q

Glucose uses ______ ATP I’m glucose energy investment phase

A

2

117
Q

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to _______ which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

A

Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

118
Q

The electron transport chain is located in the

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

119
Q

Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the

A

Electron transport chain

120
Q

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump ________ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

A

H+

H+ then moves back across the membrane passing through the protein complex, ATP synthase

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

121
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

122
Q

The H+ gradient is referred to as a

A

Proton motive force

123
Q

During cellular respiration, most energy flows in the following sequence

A

Glucose to NADH to electron transport chain to proton motive force to ATP

124
Q

Without oxygen the __________ will cease to operate

A

Electron transport chain

125
Q

In the absence of oxygen, glucose will couple with

A

Fermentation to produce ATP

126
Q

Fermentation uses

A

Substrate level phosphorylation instead of electron transport chain to generate ATP

127
Q

In alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps

128
Q

Fermentation produces about _______ATP per glucose molecule

A

2

129
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can survive using either ferment or respiration

130
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Direct phosphorylation of ADP

131
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

When ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2

132
Q

How many steps in Krebs cycle

A

8

133
Q

Beta oxidation breaks down

A

Fatty acids

Biology 1306 (16 decks)

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