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Biology 1306 > Chapter 9 Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

In unicellular organisms division of one cell..

A

Reproduces the entire organism

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2
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The life of a cell from its formation to its own division

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3
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA in a cell

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4
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein in Eukaryotic chromosomes

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6
Q

Somatic cells have _____ sets of chromosomes

A

2

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7
Q

Gametes are reproductive cells and have one set of

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Joined identical copies of the original chromosome

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9
Q

The ________ is where the two chromatids are most closely attached

A

Centromere

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cell division consist of __________, the division of the genetic material in the nucleus.

____________ is the division of the cytoplasm

A

Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Gametes are produced by

A

Meiosis

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12
Q

Meiosis yields non identical daughter cells that have only _______ set of chromosomes

A

1

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13
Q

___________developed dyes to observe chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis in 1882

A

Walther Flemming

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14
Q

The cell cycle consists of

A

Mototic phase and Interphase

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15
Q

Interphase can be divided into 3 subphases

A

G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase

The cell grows during all three phases but chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase

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16
Q

Mitosis is divided into 5 phases

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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17
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

A structure made of microtubules and associates proteins

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18
Q

Mitotic Spindle controls

A

Chromosome movement during mitosis

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19
Q

In animal cells assembly of spindle microtubules begins in the _________, a type of microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosome

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20
Q

The centrosome replicates during________

A

Interphase

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21
Q

The two centrosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell during

A

Prophase and prometaphase

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22
Q

Aster

A

Radical array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

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23
Q

The spindle includes the

A

Centrosomes, the spindle microtubules and the asters

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24
Q

Kinetochores

A

Are protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres

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25
Q

During __________ , some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochors of chromosomes and begin to move the chromosomes

A

Prometaphase

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26
Q

At metaphase the centeomeres of all the chromosomes are at the ___________, an imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindles two poles

A

Metaphase plate

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27
Q

Sister chromatids separate and move along the kinetochore microtubules towards opposite ends of the cell during_________

A

Anaphase

28
Q

The microtubules shorten by

A

Depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

29
Q

Chromosomes are also reeled in by

A

Motor proteins at spindle poles, and microtubules depolymerize after they pass by the motor proteins

30
Q

___________ from opposite poles overlap and push against each other elongating the cell

A

Nonkinetochore microtubules

31
Q

In this phase, duplicate groups of chromosomes have arrived at opposite ends of the elongated parent cell

A

Anaphase

32
Q

Cytokinesis begins during ________or __________ , and the spindle eventually disassembles

A

Anaphase or telophase

33
Q

Cytokinesis occurs by a process known as

A

Cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow

34
Q

In plant cells a _________forms during cytokinesis

A

Cell plate

35
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called

A

Binary fission

36
Q

In ecoli single chromosome replicates at the

A

Origin of replication

37
Q

Mitosis likely evolved from

A

Binary fission

38
Q

The cell cycle is driven by specific signaling molecules present in the

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

The __________controls the sequential events of the cell cycle

A

Cell cycle control system

40
Q

The cell cycle control system is regulated by both

A

Internal and external controls

41
Q

The clock has specific ___________ where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received

A

Checkpoints

42
Q

For many cells, the ___checkpoint seems to be the most important.

A

G1, if a cell receives a go ahead signal at the G1 it will usually complete S, G2 and M phases

43
Q

If a cell does not receive the go ahead signal, it will exit the cycle switching into a non dividing state called

A

Go Phase

44
Q

The cell cycle is regulated by a set of __________ and __________including kinases and proteins called_________

A

Regulatory proteins, protein complexes, cyclins

45
Q

Some external signals are __________, Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

A

Growth factors

46
Q

An example of external signals is _____________ I which crowded cells stop dividing

A

Dependent inhibition

47
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

Signal in which cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

48
Q

________ cells exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

A

Cancer

49
Q

A normal cell is converted to a cancer cell by a process called

A

Transformation

50
Q

If abnormal cells remain only at the original site the lump is called a

A

Benign tumor

51
Q

DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules called ________, which separate during mitosis

A

Sister chromatids

52
Q

Microtubules attach to chromosomes at the

A

Kinetochore

53
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

A cell structure consisting of microtubules which forms during early mitosis

54
Q

During interphase, most of the nucleus is filled with a complex of DNA and protein in a dispersed form called

A

Chromatin

55
Q

The ____________are the organizing centers for microtubules involved in separating chromosomes during mitosis

A

Centrosomes

56
Q

The DNA is replicated in the

A

S phase

57
Q

The centrosome replicates in the

A

G2 phase

58
Q

G1

A

Cells create organelles for energy and protein production and increase in size

59
Q

S Stage

A

Cell replicates it’s genetic material

60
Q

G2

A

After synthesis but before Prophase

61
Q

Prophase

A

Condensation of chromatin into chromosomes

Centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell

Centrioles form spindle fibers

62
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate

63
Q

Anaphase

A

Begins when paired centromeres of each chromosome separate

The kinetochore fibers shorten and the nonkinetochore fibers lengthen

Each chromatid is now considered a chromosome

64
Q

Telephase

A

Reverse of prophase

Spindle apparatus disappears

Nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear

65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells which punches the cell in two

Biology 1306 (16 decks)

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