Chapter 16 Development, Stem Cells And Cancer

Question 1

Cell specialization

Answer 1

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 2

The physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute

Answer 2

Morphogenesis

Question 3

Differential gene expression results from genes being regulated

Answer 3

Differently in each cell type

Question 4

Cytoplasmic Determinants

Answer 4

Are material substances in the egg that influence early development

Question 5

Induction

Answer 5

Signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

Question 6

Determination

Answer 6

Commits a cell irreversibly to its final fate

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

Programmed cell death

Question 8

Pattern Formation

Answer 8

Is the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs

Question 9

Positional Information

Answer 9

The molecule cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its location relative to the body axis and to neighboring cells

Question 10

Homeotic Genes

Answer 10

Control pattern formation in late embryo larva and adult stages

Question 11

Embryonic Lethals

Answer 11

Causing cell death during embryogenesis

Question 12

Maternal effect genes

Answer 12

Encode cytoplasmic determinate that initially establish the axis of the body of drosophila

Question 13

Bicoid

Answer 13

Maternal effect gene that Affects the front half of the body

Question 14

Morphogens

Answer 14

Substances that establish an embryos axes and other features

Question 15

Totipotent

Answer 15

Cells that can give rise to all the specialized cell types in the organism

Question 16

In cloning of animals, the _______ of an unfertilized egg or zygote is replaces with the ________ of a differentiated cell called ________

Answer 16

Nucleus, nucleus, nuclear transplantation

Question 17

A stem cell is a

Answer 17

Relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types

Question 18

Pluripotent

Answer 18

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into any cell type

Question 19

Oncogenes

Answer 19

Cancer causing genes

Question 20

Protooncogenes

Answer 20

Normal version of oncogenes that code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

Question 21

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 21

Encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

Question 22

Mutations in the _____ and the ______ ate common in human cancers

Answer 22

Ras proto-oncogene, p53 tumor-suppressor gene

Question 23

Mutations in the ______ p53 gene prevent

Answer 23

Suppression of the cell cycle

Question 24

DNA ______ can contribute to cancer

Answer 24

Breakage

Question 25

Viruses play a role in a cancer by

Answer 25

Donating an oncogene

Question 26

Model Organisms

Answer 26

Organisms that are non human and are studied as a proxy to understand human biology