Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR2101 > Revision Questions - week 3 > Flashcards

Revision Questions - week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 metabolism pathways of alcohol

A

ADH pathway – low to moderate intake 3-7drinks per week)
MEOS pathway – moderate to excessive intake (7-14 drinks per week)
Catalase pathway in peroxisomes - excessive intake (<14 drinks per week)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ADH pathway

A
  • occurs in gastric cells and mainly hepatocytes
  • converts ethanol to actaldehyde
  • NAD+ reduced to form NADH
  • acetaldehyde moves to mitcohondria and is metabolized by ALDH2 to acetate
  • acetate leaves mitochondria to extra hepatic tissue for further metabolism to actely coa
    acetyl coa can then be used for ketone body production or lipogenesis or CAC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MEOS pathway

A
  • Occurs in hepatocytes
  • Activated when ADH cannot keep up
  • Requires oxidation of NADPH to NADP+ and consumes ATP
  • same outcome as ADH as well as free radicals
    assists in building a tolerance to alcohol over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Catalase pathway in peroxisomes

A
  • In hepatocytes and other cells
  • Oxidation occurs in peroxisome via peroxisomal catalase
  • uses hydrogen peroxides to form acetaldehyde and H2O
  • same outcome as ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the reason for alcohol intolerance?

A

caused by a genetic condition in which the body can’t break down alcohol efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does 5% alcohol volumes mean?

A

0.05g of alcohol per 100ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much alcohol is in a standard drink? What is this based on?

A

10g alcohol assuming liver metabolises 10g of alcohol per hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the concentration of alcohol in a beverage determined? 


A

Percentage of pure alcohol in a beverage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many standard drinks are contained in 1L of bear at 4.5% alcohol volumes

A

1000 *0.045 *0.789=?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the J curve and what does it say?

A

refers to a dose response relationship
In alcohol context
- 0 exposure - no benefit
- optimal dose - optimal benefit (it is an association) e.g. cardiovascualr health - antioxidant high HDL, better endothial function
- high dose - no extra heatlh beneift and increase health risk e.g. liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are typical acute effects of alcohol abuse? 


A
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
  • Fat soluble vitamin deficiencies: A,D, E and K
  • Decrease absorption of minerals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the typical outcomes of chronic alcoholism on the liver? 


A

Cirrhosis can be due to:

  • Increased concentration of acetaldehyde
  • Accumulation of fat in liver resulting in cellular inflammation and damage overtime
  • Production of free radicals from excessive alcohol metabolism, and reduced activity of antioxidant factors due to poor nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the outcomes of chronic alcoholism on nutrition status? 


A

Protein and energy malnutrition and deficiencies of vitamins and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome? Describe the reasons it develops and the outcomes. 


A

Thiamin deficiency because of chronic alcohol abuse (decrease thiamin intake and absorption and increased excretion in urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is BAL? What does a BAL of 0.07 mean? How long does it take to return to a BAL of 0.00?

A
  • BAL is blood alcohol level
  • BAL 0.07 means 0.07g of alcohol in 100ml of blood
  • Takes an hour to break down 5-10grams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the mechanisms by which the body increases water volume and thus increases blood pressure 


A

RAAS

17
Q

Describe the mechanisms by which the body decreases water volume and thus reduces blood pressure

A

ANF

18
Q

RAAS

A
  • Renin is an enzyme secreted by the kidney when sodium or blood volume are decreased, leading to decreased blood pressure (BP)
  • Renin converts Angiotensinogen (from liver) to Angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin I (is inactive), converted to angiotensin II (active) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
  • Angiotensin II causes restriction of small blood vessels resulting in increased BP
  • Angiotensin II also promotes release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
  • Aldosterone (secreted from adrenal cortex) stimulates Na+ reabsorption
  • Results in increased ECF osmolality
  • Promotes fluid retention (water follows Na+) • Increases BP by increasing the water volume
19
Q

ANF

A
  • released by atrial myocytes
    (heart) in response to raised blood pressure
  • acts to reduce water and sodium load in the circulation by promoting sodium excretion to return BP to normal
20
Q

How is body water compartmentalised? What are the various components?

A
  • 4L blood and lymph
  • 11L interstial fluid
  • 25L fluid found inside every type of cell
21
Q

What are electrolytes? Which electrolytes are found in the ECF and in the ICF?

A
  • Electrolytes are compounds that separate into ions in water and are able to conduct electrical current
  • ICF electrolytes – potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate
  • ECF electrolytes – sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate
22
Q

What are the effects of dehydration on the body?

A

ranges from thirst to death (e.g. tingling in arms, dizziness, increas weakeness, muscle cramps)

23
Q

What are the effects of hyper- hydration on the body?

A

– Concentration of electrolytes is diluted, especially sodium = hyponatremia
– Water from diluted blood is pulled into cells by osmosis
– Diluted blood and swollen cells can cause headache, blurred vision, muscle cramps

24
Q

What is the role of water in physiology?

A
  1. Blood volume, transport of nutrients and O2
  2. Precursor of body fluids: saliva, joint lubrication, bile etc
  3. Solvent to metabolic and biochemical processes
  4. Temperature regulation
    • High specific heat: rises slowly, resists temperature fluctuations
    • Sweat: 99% H2O. Heat energy from skin evaporates sweat
  5. Waste products removal: compounds are made water soluble (conjugated in enterocytes and hepatocytes) for clearance via urine
25
Q

What are the NRVs for water? 


A

NRV is the adequate intake
determined by looking at population studies
consumed as fluids

26
Q

water balance

A

– Sodium-potassium-ATPase pump (active transport)
• Used to move ions against their concentration gradient
- high concentration Na+ outside cell
- high concentration K inside cell
• Water follows Na+

27
Q

symptoms of dehydration at 4%

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Reduced blood volume and blood pressure (BP)
  • Impaired performance
  • Headache
  • Reduced urine
  • Fatigue
28
Q

symptoms of dehydration at 7-10%

A 
Very dry mouth
Sunken dry eyes
Low urine volume
Dizziness and poor balance
Rapid heart beat Rapid and feeble pulse Exhaustion
Delirium and collapse
29
Q

Absopriton of alcohol

A

20% in stomach
80% SI

not digested

NUTR2101 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions