8-12

Question 1

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

Buildup of plaques in arteries, major cause of heart disease and stroke.

Question 2

Define Hypertension.

Answer 2

High blood pressure; can be primary (no cause) or secondary (underlying condition).

Question 3

What are the consequences of Hypertension?

Answer 3

Causes heart failure, kidney disease, stroke.

Question 4

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Answer 4

Plaque in coronary arteries leading to chest pain (angina) or heart attack (myocardial infarction, MI).

Question 5

What are the symptoms of Left-sided Heart Failure?

Answer 5

Pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, orthopnea.

Question 6

What are the symptoms of Right-sided Heart Failure?

Answer 6

Peripheral edema, jugular venous distention.

Question 7

What characterizes Valvular Heart Disease?

Answer 7

Stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking) of heart valves.

Question 8

What are Aneurysms?

Answer 8

Weak, bulging areas in blood vessels with a risk of rupture.

Question 9

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer 9

Clots in deep veins that can lead to pulmonary embolism.

Question 10

What is Shock?

Answer 10

Inadequate tissue perfusion; types include cardiogenic, hypovolemic, and distributive (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic).

Question 11

Define Dyspnea.

Answer 11

Shortness of breath from airway blockage, heart failure, anxiety.

Question 12

What is Atelectasis?

Answer 12

Lung collapse.

Question 13

What is Pleural Effusion?

Answer 13

Fluid in pleural space.

Question 14

What is Pneumothorax?

Answer 14

Air in pleural space; tension pneumothorax is life-threatening.

Question 15

What is Pulmonary Edema?

Answer 15

Fluid in lungs, commonly from left heart failure.

Question 16

What does ARDS stand for?

Answer 16

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; severe lung inflammation leading to respiratory failure.

Question 17

What is Asthma?

Answer 17

Reversible airway inflammation and constriction.

Question 18

What is COPD?

Answer 18

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by irreversible airway obstruction.

Question 19

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 19

Lung infection.

Question 20

What is Tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer 20

Lung infection with granuloma formation.

Question 21

What is Croup?

Answer 21

Pediatric disorder characterized by barking cough.

Question 22

What is GERD?

Answer 22

Gastroesophageal reflux disease; acid reflux that can lead to esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus.

Question 23

What is a Hiatal Hernia?

Answer 23

Stomach protrudes into thorax.

Question 24

Define Gastritis.

Answer 24

Inflammation of the stomach, commonly caused by H. pylori or NSAIDs.

Question 25

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?

Answer 25

Ulcers in stomach or duodenum, commonly caused by H. pylori.

Question 26

What characterizes Ulcerative Colitis?

Answer 26

Only affects colon with continuous lesions.

Question 27

What is Crohn’s Disease?

Answer 27

Affects any GI area with 'skip' lesions.

Question 28

What is Diverticulitis?

Answer 28

Inflamed diverticula.

Question 29

What does IBS stand for?

Answer 29

Irritable Bowel Syndrome, a functional disorder with no structural abnormality.

Question 30

What is Cirrhosis?

Answer 30

Liver scarring leading to portal hypertension and ascites.

Question 31

Define Hepatitis.

Answer 31

Viral liver infection with types A-E.

Question 32

What are Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)?

Answer 32

Block bile ducts leading to inflammation (cholecystitis).

Question 33

What is Pancreatitis?

Answer 33

Inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or alcohol.

Question 34

What are the types of fractures?

Answer 34

* Complete * Incomplete (greenstick) * Comminuted (shattered) * Open (through skin)

Question 35

What are the healing stages of a fracture?

Answer 35

* Hematoma * Callus * Ossification * Remodeling

Question 36

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 36

Low bone density leading to increased fracture risk, linked to aging and menopause.

Question 37

What is Osteomyelitis?

Answer 37

Bone infection, commonly bacterial.

Question 38

What is Osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer 38

Degenerative cartilage loss.

Question 39

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?

Answer 39

Autoimmune joint inflammation.

Question 40

What is Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Answer 40

Spine inflammation leading to fusion.

Question 41

What causes Gout?

Answer 41

Uric acid crystals in joints leading to sudden joint pain.

Question 42

What is Rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 42

Muscle breakdown that poses a risk of kidney damage due to myoglobin release.

Question 43

What are Pressure Injuries?

Answer 43

Skin ulcers from unrelieved pressure, classified into stages I-IV.

Question 44

What are the degrees of burns?

Answer 44

* First (epidermis) * Second (partial dermis) * Third (full-thickness) * Fourth (muscle/bone)

Question 45

What is the Rule of Nines?

Answer 45

Estimates burned area.

Question 46

What are Inflammatory Skin Disorders?

Answer 46

* Dermatitis (atopic, contact, stasis types) * Psoriasis (autoimmune with thick scaly plaques)

Question 47

What are common bacterial skin infections?

Answer 47

* Impetigo * Cellulitis

Question 48

What are common viral skin infections?

Answer 48

* HSV (cold sores/genital herpes) * Shingles (zoster)

Question 49

What are common fungal skin infections?

Answer 49

* Ringworm (tinea) * Candidiasis (yeast infection)

Question 50

What is Basal Cell Carcinoma?

Answer 50

Most common and least aggressive skin cancer.

Question 51

What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Answer 51

Sun-related skin cancer that can metastasize.

Question 52

What is Malignant Melanoma?

Answer 52

Most dangerous skin cancer, follows ABCDE rule (asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving).