10.1 digestive system pathophysiology

Question 1

What does the oral expulsion of chyme describe?

Answer 1

Vomiting

Chyme is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food expelled from the stomach.

Question 2

What is the correct sequence of events leading to vomiting?

Answer 2

Nausea, reverse peristalsis, retching, vomiting

This sequence describes the physiological process that occurs before vomiting.

Question 3

What type of vomiting is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurologic lesions involving the brainstem?

Answer 3

Projectile

Projectile vomiting is characterized by the forceful expulsion of stomach contents.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a cause of constipation?

Answer 4

Hyperthyroidism

Causes of constipation can include certain medications, low fiber diets, and emotional factors.

Question 5

What are the three major mechanisms producing diarrhea?

Answer 5

• Secretion
• Absorption
• Motility

These mechanisms can lead to increased stool output.

Question 6

If a person who lacks the enzyme lactase ingests lactose, what type of diarrhea will result?

Answer 6

Osmotic diarrhea

This occurs because undigested lactose draws water into the colon.

Question 7

Poorly localized, dull abdominal pain felt in the general area of the source organ is called?

Answer 7

Visceral pain

Visceral pain is often diffuse and poorly localized compared to parietal pain.

Question 8

What type of pain is epigastric or periumbilical pain in a patient with acute appendicitis?

Answer 8

Referred pain

Referred pain occurs when pain is felt in a different area than the source.

Question 9

What is frank bleeding of the rectum called?

Answer 9

Hematochezia

Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh blood through the anus.

Question 10

What does ‘coffee grounds’ vomitus indicate?

Answer 10

Hematemesis

This type of vomit suggests the presence of blood that has been partially digested.

Question 11

Reflux esophagitis can be defined as?

Answer 11

An inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux

This condition results from the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Question 12

What is the term for the narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum?

Answer 12

Pyloric obstruction

This condition can lead to gastric outlet obstruction.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a cause of intestinal obstruction?

Answer 13

Duodenal ulcer

Intestinal obstructions can be caused by conditions such as volvulus and intussusception.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a site for peptic ulcers?

Answer 14

Ileum

Peptic ulcers typically occur in the stomach, esophagus, and duodenum.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 15

H. Ducreyi infection

Risk factors include NSAID use, smoking, and alcohol abuse.

Question 16

True or False: Gastric ulcers are usually peptic ulcers.

Answer 16

True

Gastric ulcers are classified as a type of peptic ulcer.

Question 17

What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with weight loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools?

Answer 17

Ulcerative colitis or Crohn Disease

These conditions are inflammatory bowel diseases that can present with such symptoms.

Question 18

True or False: Ulcerative colitis involves only the colon, while Crohn Disease can affect any area of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 18

True

This distinction is key in understanding the differences between these two diseases.

Question 19

True or False: Skip lesions are typical of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn Disease.

Answer 19

False

Skip lesions are characteristic of Crohn Disease, not ulcerative colitis.

Question 20

The development of colon cancer is most common in patients with chronic?

Answer 20

Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis increases the risk of colorectal cancer.

Question 21

What are typical features of Crohn Disease?

Answer 21

• Skip lesions
• Granulomatous lesions
• Cobblestone appearance
• Longitudinal and transverse fissures
• Fistulae

These features help distinguish Crohn Disease from other gastrointestinal disorders.

Question 22

Which is FALSE regarding diverticular disease?

Answer 22

Diverticular disease is a result of eating a high fiber diet

A low-fiber diet is associated with diverticular disease.

Question 23

What is the correct sequence of events in appendicitis?

Answer 23

Obstruction, increased intraluminal pressure, tissue hypoxia, ulceration, infection, gangrene

This sequence illustrates the progression of appendicitis.

Question 24

Which of the following is FALSE concerning appendicitis?

Answer 24

Obstruction of the lumen causes a decrease in intraluminal pressure that may produce inflammation

Obstruction actually increases intraluminal pressure.

Question 25

Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 25

Binge eating followed by purging ## Footnote This behavior is characteristic of bulimia, not anorexia nervosa.

Question 26

Diagnosis of binge-purge disorder is based upon all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 26

A fear of becoming obese despite progressive weight loss ## Footnote This fear is more associated with anorexia nervosa.

Question 27

What is the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension?

Answer 27

Vomiting of blood from bleeding esophageal varices ## Footnote This is a serious complication of portal hypertension.

Question 28

What may long term portal hypertension result in?

Answer 28

* Hepatic encephalopathy * Splenomegaly * Ascites * Varices ## Footnote These complications arise due to increased pressure in the portal venous system.

Question 29

Hepatitis A is characterized by?

Answer 29

* An incubation period of 60 – 180 days * Acute onset with fever * Fecal-oral, parenteral, and sexual modes of transmission ## Footnote Hepatitis A does not have a carrier state.

Question 30

Hepatitis B, C, and D share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

Answer 30

Restriction to children and young adults ## Footnote These hepatitis viruses can affect individuals of any age.

Question 31

Cirrhosis can result from all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 31

High levels of LDL ('bad cholesterol') ## Footnote Cirrhosis is primarily caused by alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and other factors.

Question 32

True or False: Cholelithiasis is the term for inflammation of the gallbladder.

Answer 32

False ## Footnote Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones, while cholecystitis refers to inflammation.

Question 33

What is necessary for the formation of gallbladder stones?

Answer 33

Production of bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol ## Footnote This condition can lead to the development of gallstones.

Question 34

True or False: Both acute and chronic cholecystitis almost always result from obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone.

Answer 34

True ## Footnote Gallstones are a common cause of inflammation in the gallbladder.

Question 35

Which is FALSE regarding acute pancreatitis?

Answer 35

It is almost always severe ## Footnote While acute pancreatitis can be severe, not all cases are.