9.2 urinary pathophysiology Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the physiologic consequences of urinary tract obstruction related to?
Location of the obstruction, unilateral or bilateral involvement, partial or complete obstruction, acute or chronic obstruction
All of the above factors affect the consequences of urinary tract obstruction.
What does obstruction along the urinary tract cause?
Increased hydrostatic pressure and dilation
This is a key consequence of urinary tract obstruction.
Complete obstruction of a ureter will reduce the glomerular filtration rate to _______.
zero
This results in failure of that kidney.
What is the most common type of renal stone?
Calcium oxalate
Other types include struvite, cystine, and uric acid stones.
Which of the following is NOT an effect or complication of urinary tract obstruction?
Cancer
Effects include hydroureter, infection, and renal failure.
Based on symptoms of waves of pain from the costovertebral angle into the right testicle, what condition is suspected?
Renal calculus in the ureter
This condition is often characterized by severe pain.
One of the most common infectious organisms of the urinary tract is?
E. Coli
E. Coli is frequently responsible for urinary tract infections.
Who is at LOWEST risk of developing a urinary tract infection?
Young men
Other groups such as sexually active young women and the elderly are at higher risk.
Urinary frequency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, lower back pain, hematuria, cloudy urine, and possibly flank pain are symptoms of?
Pyelonephritis or cystitis
Both conditions present similar symptoms.
Pyelonephritis is caused by all of the following EXCEPT?
Glomerulonephritis
Causes include pregnancy and kidney stones.
Which does NOT act to prevent urinary tract infections?
Slightly alkaline urine
Other factors like frequent urination and unobstructed urinary flow help prevent infections.
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by?
Bacteria
Although viruses and fungi can cause infections, bacteria are the most common culprits.
True or False: Urinary tract infections are usually caused by chlamydia and viruses.
False
The majority of UTIs are caused by bacteria, particularly E. Coli.
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by?
Excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia
All of these characteristics are indicative of nephrotic syndrome.
Which type of renal failure is caused by decreased glomerular filtration rate?
Prerenal
Other types include intrarenal and postrenal failure.
Which of the following statements concerning chronic renal failure is FALSE?
Sodium excretion increases
In chronic renal failure, sodium retention typically occurs.
Which does NOT cause prerenal acute renal failure?
Hyperkalemia
Causes include hypotension, loss of blood or plasma volume, and cardiac insufficiency.
Hypovolemia may cause which type of acute renal failure?
Prerenal
Prerenal failure is often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
True or False: The clinical progression of acute renal failure with recovery of renal function is oliguria, diuresis, and recovery.
True
This is the typical sequence in recovering from acute renal failure.
Uremia is the term for the group of consequences related to _______.
Renal failure
Uremia encompasses various symptoms and complications resulting from kidney dysfunction.
Anemia accompanies chronic renal failure because of?
Inadequate production of erythropoietin
This leads to reduced red blood cell production.
