8/29 notes

Question 1

two kinds of history

Answer 1

• chronicle
• narrative

Question 2

chronicle history

Answer 2

non-interpretive or non-explanatory history

Question 3

examples of chronicle history

Answer 3

• fossil record
• phylogenetic trees
• species distribution
• data and patterns

Question 4

narrative history

Answer 4

interpretive or explanatory history

Question 5

examples of narrative history

Answer 5

• story of life on earth
• adaptive scenarios
• causes of historical events
• casual statements

Question 6

explanations of state imply …

Answer 6

that traits have always been

Question 7

explanations of change require …

Answer 7

an evolutionary chronicle

Question 8

theory

Answer 8

a system of ideas or statements held as an explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena

Question 9

fact

Answer 9

something that has occurred or is actually the case

Question 10

hypothesis

Answer 10

• a tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts
• can be tested for further investigation

Question 11

scientific theory

Answer 11

a coherent body of interconnected statements based on observation, evidence, and experiments that explain a variety of observations and phenomena

Question 12

is evolution a scientific theory or a fact?

Answer 12

both; scientific theory and fact

Question 13

examples of a scientific theory

Answer 13

• atomic theory
• evolutionary theory
• heliocentric theory
• theory of gravity

Question 14

why care about evolution?

Answer 14

• disease and health
• harvesting of wildlife
• food production
• biodiversity
• human origins
• conservation
• discovery

Question 15

macroevolution

Answer 15

evolution above the species level that focuses on large phenotypic changes or relatively long periods of time

Question 16

examples of macroevolution

Answer 16

• mass extinction
• adaptive radiations
• chronicle of life on earth

Question 17

microevolution

Answer 17

evolution below the species level or among closely related species that focuses on the processes that cause evolutionary change over relatively short periods of time

Question 18

examples of microevolution

Answer 18

• natural selection
• gene movement through populations
• random specific changes

Question 19

fish like traits in whales (macroevolution)

Answer 19

• flukes generate thrust
• torpedo shaped body

Question 20

mammal like traits in whales (macroevolution)

Answer 20

• breathe air via blowhole
• young drink milk
• muscles run the length of the body
• tiny bones where the hips should be

Question 21

1979 Phillip Gingerich discovers Pakicetus atrox

Answer 21

• found in rocks that formed on land
• skull and body emulate dogs more than whales
• bony wall around middle ear has involucrum
• today involucrum is only present in whales

Question 22

Ambulocetus natans

Answer 22

• aquatic mammal
• rear feet shaped like paddles
• large tail
• long head
• mammalian teeth
• auditory bulla w/ involucrum
• 48 - 50 myr old fossils

Question 23

transitional form

Answer 23

a species that exhibits traits shared by ancestral and derived groups, especially when the groups are sharply differentiated

Question 24

example of transitional form

Answer 24

Ambulocetus natans

Question 25

vestigial trait

Answer 25

- found in the rudimentary state as a result of evolutionary reduction from a a more elaborated, functional state in an ancestor - usually an adaption in an ancestral taxon that has lost its usefulness

Question 26

The Whippo Hypothesis

Answer 26

~ 30 fossil species have been found that illustrate a transition from a terrestrial mammal to an aquatic mammal

Question 27

HIV

Answer 27

a virus that infects cells that are part of the immune system in humans

Question 28

what does HIV cause?

Answer 28

AIDS

Question 29

when was HIV first recognized in the US?

Answer 29

1981

Question 30

how is HIV trasnferred?

Answer 30

- sex - blood - breast milk

Question 31

is HIV a bacteria or virus?

Answer 31

virus

Question 32

HIV reproduction

Answer 32

- HIV cannot replicate on its own - uses the hoses cellular machinery

Question 33

reverse transcriptase as a function of HIV reproduction

Answer 33

transcribes the HIV genome into DNA

Question 34

integrase as a function of HIV reproduction

Answer 34

splices HIV DNA into the hose genome

Question 35

protease as a function of HIV reproduction

Answer 35

cleaves precursor proteins to make functional forms

Question 36

why is developing drugs to treat HIV difficult?

Answer 36

- their is little that is specific to HIV - disrupting the HIV lifecycle requires the hosts cells to be disrupted

Question 37

which immune system cells does HIV infect?

Answer 37

- T helper cells - marcophages - dendritic cells

Question 38

what causes the immune system to become compromised when infected with HIV?

Answer 38

CD4 T cells numbers decline below a critical level

Question 39

HIV evolution

Answer 39

evolution by natural selection within a host

Question 40

what type of population size is ideal for HIV?

Answer 40

- huge population size - high mutation rate - short generation time - strong natural selection

Question 41

solution to HIV

Answer 41

drug cocktails

Question 42

two life examples of microevolution

Answer 42

- evolution of COVID-19 variants - evolutions of herbicide resistance in plants

Question 43

teleology

Answer 43

the doctrine of final causes that natural and historical processes are determined by their ultimate purpose