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PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 8- How does the Brain Develop as an Organ? > Flashcards

8- How does the Brain Develop as an Organ? Flashcards

1
Q

When does life start?

A

At conception- when the sperm meets the egg

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2
Q

When is gestation?

A

From conception until birth

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3
Q

How long is human gestation?

A

9 months long (normally)

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4
Q

Why is the first couple of weeks of gestation a critical period?

A

Because stem cells begin to differentiate into different types of organs or tissues

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5
Q

What DNA does a zygote contain?

A

50% DNA of the father, 50% DNA of the mother, creating a new set of genes unique to the baby

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6
Q

What does one single cell on day 1 become?

A

Many cells due to division

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7
Q

What do cells become when they keep dividing on day 1?

A

A mass of undifferentiated cells

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8
Q

What 2 things happen on days 4-6?

A

Differentiation begins to happen, and cells cluster together to form the placenta

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9
Q

What is the role of the placenta?

A

A temporary organ that supplies nutrients and blood from the mother to the baby

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10
Q

What happens on day 7 of gestation?

A

The fertilised egg implants into the uterine wall

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11
Q

What are different cells like in the early stages of an embryo?

A

Not functionally different

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12
Q

What are cells called in the early stages of an embryo?

A

Pluripotent or omnipotent

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13
Q

What do cells have the potential to do in the early stages of an embryo?

A

To activate certain genes and grow into specific organs

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14
Q

When is the inner cell mass present?

A

In the early stages of an embryo

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15
Q

Why are stem cells called stem?

A

They are the stem of the whole organism

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16
Q

What can stem cells later do?

A

Develop into many types of cells

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17
Q

What potential do stem cells have?

A

Therapeutic potential for many neurodegenerative disorders

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18
Q

When do cells begin to differentiate?

A

2nd week of prenatal development

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19
Q

When do layers emerge?

A

Days 10-16

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers?

A

Ectoderm (external), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (internal)

21
Q

What develops from the ectoderm? (5)

A
  • Nervous system
  • Eyes
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
22
Q

What develops from the mesoderm? (6)

A
  • Muscle
  • Bones
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Kidneys
  • Genitals
23
Q

What develops from the endoderm? (3)

A
  • Digestion system
  • Respiration system
  • Excretion system
24
Q

What do parts of the ectoderm turn into?

A

A ‘neural plate’

25
Q

What does the ‘neural plate’ become when it starts to curve?

A

A ‘neural tube’

26
Q

What does the inner part of the neural tube develop into?

A

The central nervous system

27
Q

What does the outer part of the neural tube develop into?

A

The peripheral nervous system

28
Q

What can happen if both sides don’t close properly?

A

It could lead to very serious developmental disorders

29
Q

What results from the lower part of the neural tube failing to close?

A

Spina bifida

30
Q

What happens to the spinal cord with spina bifida?

A

Spinal cord comes out of bone structure so nerves are exposed

31
Q

What is a key symptom of spina bifida?

A

A weak bladder/bowel and weakness in legs

32
Q

What is spina bifida thought to be caused by?

A

Genetic and non-genetic factors combined

33
Q

What does the upper part of the neural tube failing to close result in?

A

Anencephaly

34
Q

What causes problems in anencephaly?

A

The brain is unable to develop

35
Q

What is thought to be the cause of anencephaly?

A

An interaction of genetic and environmental factors

36
Q

Why is a healthy diet important in gestation?

A

It is crucial to the baby’s health

37
Q

Why are certain vitamins important in gestation?

A

For triggering genes that facilitate brain development

38
Q

What is folic acid?

A

A dietary supplement important for formation of the neural tube

39
Q

How much could folic acid reduce the incidence of defects by?

A

90%

40
Q

What does the rostral end of the neural tube develop into?

A

The brain

41
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

The cortex, diencephalon, telencephalon

42
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

The tectum and tegmentum

43
Q

What does the rhombencephalon develop into?

A

The cerebellum, brainstem, and pons

44
Q

What does the caudal end of the neural tube develop into?

A

The spinal cord

45
Q

What part of the brain grows rapidly in size from birth to age 2?

A

The frontal region

46
Q

When does the pace of brain growing slow down?

A

Age 4

47
Q

When is the brain roughly a similar size to an adult brain?

A

Age 10 onwards

48
Q

What is the main difference between an adult brain and a child’s brain?

A

Adult brain has greater neural connectivity

PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 (34 decks)

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