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PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 9- Evolution > Flashcards

9- Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

How animal species evolve from one generation to generation

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2
Q

Who are two key figure in evolution theory?

A

Darwin and Wallace

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3
Q

Who do all living organisms inherit their genetic information from?

A

Their ancestors

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4
Q

What is the common ancestor of all species?

A

A very simple basic organism

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Only organisms that are fit enough to survive have the chance to pass on genes to the next generation

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6
Q

What were early organisms like?

A

Basic

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7
Q

What were later organisms like?

A

More complex

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8
Q

What does the principle of inheritance suggest are heritable?

A

Physical and behavioural traits

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9
Q

Who do we inherit traits from and pass them on to?

A

Inherit from parents and pass on to offspring

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10
Q

Why are traits passed on?

A

Genetic codes (biological instructions)

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11
Q

What gene is working memory capacity associated with?

A

The C-O-M-T gene

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12
Q

What is the role of the C-O-M-T gene?

A

It regulates dopamine released in the prefrontal cortex

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13
Q

What does the principle of variation say?

A

Individuals within a species show variation

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14
Q

What are adaptive genes?

A

Certain genes that lead to successful adaptation and are more likely to remain in the gene pool

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15
Q

Which organisms can survive better?

A

Organisms with adaptive genes

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16
Q

What does the principle of adaptation say about variants of genes?

A

Some variants are more adaptive than others

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17
Q

What does the principle of time say that happens over time?

A

Natural selection results in changes in species

18
Q

How long do changes need to take?

A

Decades, thousands, or millions of years to occur

19
Q

How does successful variation accumulate?

A

Over time in a gradual process

20
Q

What does directional selection select for and against?

A

For one extreme trait, and against the other extreme

21
Q

What does stabilising selection select for and against?

A

For moderate traits, and against both extremes

22
Q

What does diversifying selection select for and against?

A

For both extremes, and against moderate traits

23
Q

2 natural selection strategies

A

Kin selection and reciprocal altruism

24
Q

What is kin selection?

A

People are willing to make sacrifices or share resources because our relatives share genes with us

25
Q

What is the ultimate motivation of kin selection?

A

It helps the extension of the family genes to the next generation

26
Q

Who is involved in reciprocal altruism?

A

Not our family members or relatives

27
Q

Who is favoured in reciprocal altruism?

A

Species who are willing to reciprocally support each other

28
Q

What is increased with reciprocal altruism?

A

The chance of the species surviving as a whole

29
Q

5 things that are supporting evidence for evolution

A
  • Biogeography
  • Fossils
  • Solution of evolution
  • Comparative embryology
  • Molecular biology
30
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of distribution of animal species

31
Q

Why can a localised change in characteristic when studying biogeography?

A

Due to localised events

32
Q

How can fossils be seen?

A

Through systematic changes through geographical layers

33
Q

What is homologous evolution?

A

Organs with similarity due to being derived from a common ancestral structure

34
Q

What is analogous evolution?

A

Organs with similarity due to performing a similar function

35
Q

What does comparative embryology compare and why?

A

Processes of development across species to determine evolutionary similarity

36
Q

What is the conclusion of embryos looking similar?

A

They are closer related in evolution

37
Q

What can be analysed in molecular biology?

A

The degree of similarity between genetic codes of two species

38
Q

How can molecular biology determine how close species are related in evolution?

A

A high degree of similarity

39
Q

Is the human brain the biggest of species?

A

No

40
Q

What do humans have the highest ratio of?

A

Brain and body mass

PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 (34 decks)

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