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PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 > 8- Neuronal/Microscopic Development > Flashcards

8- Neuronal/Microscopic Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 stages of neuron development?

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, arborisation

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2
Q

Which stage involves cell division and differentiation?

A

Proliferation

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3
Q

How many new cells are generated per minute in proliferation?

A

250,000

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4
Q

What allows stem cells to begin to differentiate?

A

Specialisation

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5
Q

What is specialisation guided by?

A

Chemical signals that trigger specific genes

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6
Q

What does it mean when stem cells are omnipotent?

A

They are able to develop to any tissue in the body

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7
Q

When can stem cells turn into neuroblasts?

A

Once they get chemical signals

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8
Q

What can neuroblasts become once they divide?

A

Any kind of cells in the nervous system

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9
Q

What is the key event in migration?

A

Neurons move to different places or different layers of the brain

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10
Q

What are the eventual destinations in migration?

A

Different for each neuron

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11
Q

What determines neurons’ final positions?

A

Genetic code

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12
Q

What guides the journey of neurons in migration?

A

Surrounding chemical signals

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13
Q

What is the chemical gradient like in migration?

A

Neurons move towards the direction where the chemical has a higher concentration

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14
Q

What do cells look like when they are migrating?

A

They have no dendrites and the axons are like tails without branches

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15
Q

When do cells align with specific neurons?

A

Once arriving to begin differentiation

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16
Q

How many layers is the human neocortex organised into?

A

6

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17
Q

What layer does migration begin with?

A

Layer 6

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18
Q

What can problems with cell migration lead to?

A

Developmental problems

19
Q

What is an example when there is a problem with cell migration?

A

Dyslexia

20
Q

What morphological changes happen in differentiation?

A

Changes to make them look like their neighbour neurons

21
Q

What is the 1st step of differentiation?

A

Axon growth

22
Q

What do axons determine in differentiation?

A

Who to form synapses with

23
Q

What are chemoattractants?

A

Molecules attracting the growth cone

24
Q

What are chemorepellants?

A

Molecules repelling the growth cone

25
Q

What do neurons start to do in synaptogenesis?

A

Start to form axons and dendrites

26
Q

When is a complex network of synapses created?

A

In synaptogenesis

27
Q

What is the nerve growth factor?

A

A protein or nutrient that promotes neural growth

28
Q

What happens if a cell doesn’t receive the nerve growth factor?

A

Apoptosis

29
Q

Why do working synapses attract nerve growth factor?

A

To provide more nutrients

30
Q

How many neurons and synapses do newborns have?

A

Lots of neurons but few synapses

31
Q

When does synapse formation increase and peak?

A

Increases after birth and peaks in childhood

32
Q

What is the role of neuronal pruning?

A

To remove unnecessary synaptic connections

33
Q

How is the strength of a synapse determined?

A

By how it’s being used

34
Q

What does the Hebbian Theory of how neurons are wired say?

A

‘Neurons which fire together wire together’ and ‘neurons which fire out of synch lose their link’

35
Q

Which stage only happens in axons?

A

Myelination

36
Q

What happens in myelination?

A

Layer of fatty tissue starts to emerge covering a neuron’s axon

37
Q

What type of cells surround the axon of a neuron?

A

Glial cells

38
Q

What makes transmission of an action potential more efficient?

A

Myelination

39
Q

When is there further growth of dendrites?

A

Arborisation

40
Q

What happens in arborisation?

A

Dendrites grow to smaller dendrites and create connections

41
Q

What did Gaser and Schlaug find?

A

Bigger volume in brain regions related to playing and perceiving piano found in musicians

42
Q

What did Draganski et al do?

A

Trained volunteers to juggle

43
Q

What did Draganski et al find?

A

An increase in volume of motor cortex

PSY1016 Biological Psychology with Research Methods 1 (34 decks)

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