03 Principles, Processes, and Concepts / 03.10 Operant Conditioning Paradigm

Question 1

You find that moving in your seat can temporarily relieve back pain. Relief from pain probably serves as
	punishment.
	extinction.
	negative reinforcement.
	positive reinforcement.

Answer 1

negative reinforcement.

Question 2

In operant conditioning, stimulus control is a function of
	antecedent events only.
	antecedent reinforcers.
	antecedent and consequent events.
	consequent events only.

Answer 2

antecedent and consequent events.

Question 3

For reinforcement to occur,
the reinforcer must be correlated with a particular discriminative stimulus.
the discriminative stimulus must immediately follow the reinforcer.
the consequence must increase the future probability of the behavior.
(all of the others)

Answer 3

the consequence must increase the future probability of the behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following includes ALL SECONDARY reinforcers?
money, soothing words from a spouse, voice of a friend
recreational drugs, knowing the time of day, beautiful art
religion, fashion, drinking water
sexual stimulation, your image in a mirror, your favorite fast food logo

Answer 4

money, soothing words from a spouse, voice of a friend

Question 5

In operant conditioning, there is
a correlation between a reinforcer and a consequence.
a correlation between two stimuli.
exclusive control by an antecedent stimulus.
a correlation between a behavior and a consequence.

Answer 5

a correlation between a behavior and a consequence.

Question 6

With negative reinforcement,
a stimulus is PRESENTED AFTER a behavior and DECREASES the future probability of the behavior.
a stimulus is PRESENTED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.
a stimulus is REMOVED BEFORE a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.
a stimulus is REMOVED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.

Answer 6

a stimulus is REMOVED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.

Question 7

With positive reinforcement, a stimulus is
REMOVED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.
PRESENTED BEFORE a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.
PRESENTED AFTER a behavior and DECREASES the future probability of the behavior.
PRESENTED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.

Answer 7

PRESENTED AFTER a behavior and INCREASES the future probability of the behavior.

Question 8

Two arguing siblings are quieted (and remain quieted) by a parent's reprimand. For the SIBLINGS, the reprimand serves as
	negative reinforcement.
	positive reinforcement.
	punishment.
	extinction.

Answer 8

punishment.

Question 9

A nonverbal student puts his hand over his mouth and nods "No" when offered non-preferred food. The person offering takes the food away. The student's behavior is maintained by
	negative reinforcement.
	type II punishment.
	positive reinforcement.
	type I punishment.

Answer 9

negative reinforcement.

Question 10

Teasing increases after the teacher begins reprimanding a student for each occurrence of this behavior. This exemplifies
positive punishment.
positive reinforcement.
negative reinforcement.
reinforcement, although whether it is positive or negative cannot be determined.

Answer 10

positive reinforcement.

Question 11

A frequently played with toy is made contingent upon compliance by the parents. However, they remove the toy contingency when the child says that he no longer cares about it. The toy
	may still be a negative reinforcer.
	is not a reinforcer.
	may still be a positive reinforcer.
	is probably a neutral stimulus.

Answer 11

It may still be a positive reinforcer.

Question 12

For reinforcement to occur,
a behavior must have a consequence.
the consequence must increase the future probability of the behavior.
the increase in behavior must be due to the consequence.
(all of the others)

Answer 12

all

Question 13

Operant conditioning is more likely to occur if
reinforcement is immediate.
stimulus control is exclusively through the antecedent.
punishment is delayed.
reinforcement is delayed.

Answer 13

reinforcement is immediate.

Question 14

Escape
results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.
occurs in a positive reinforcement procedure.
results in the aversive stimulus not having to be experienced.
(all of the others)

Answer 14

results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.

Question 15

Escape
increases the future probability of the behavior that precedes it.
occurs in a negative reinforcement procedure.
may be accompanied by avoidance of the setting in which the aversive stimulus occurs.
(all of the others)

Answer 15

all others

Question 16

Primary reinforcers are
	always present at birth.
	(none of the others)
	learned.
	always edibles.

Answer 16

none

Question 17

Avoidance
occurs in a positive reinforcement procedure.
results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.
results in the aversive stimulus being prevented.
(all of the others)

Answer 17

The aversive stimulus is prevented by the response.

Question 18

Which of the following includes ALL SECONDARY reinforcers?
designer clothes, sleep, toilet paper
sexual stimulation, your image in a mirror, your favorite fast food logo
money, soothing words from a spouse, chocolate
religion, fashion, sexual jokes

Answer 18

religion, fashion, sexual jokes

Question 19

A stimulus or event that is reinforcing without having to be conditioned is
	an aversive stimulus.
	a secondary reinforcer.
	a primary reinforcer.
	an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 19

a primary reinforcer.

Question 20

A stimulus presented contingent upon a behavior that increases the future probability of the behavior is
	a positive reinforcer.
	an unconditioned stimulus.
	an unconditioned reinforcer.
	a negative reinforcer.

Answer 20

a positive reinforcer.

Question 21

A child requests a carrot from his mother and she gives it to him. He continues to request carrots. This exemplifies
	positive reinforcement.
	cognitive behavior.
	phylogenic history.
	respondent behavior.

Answer 21

positive reinforcement.

Question 22

Which of the following includes ALL PRIMARY reinforcers?
	sweets, oxygen, soft blankets
	warmth, oxygen, sexual stimulation
	sexual stimulation, water, money
	water, food, nature

Answer 22

warmth, oxygen, sexual stimulation

Question 23

Two arguing siblings are quieted by a parent's reprimand. For the PARENT, the quieting of the children probably serves as
	extinction.
	punishment.
	positive reinforcement.
	negative reinforcement.

Answer 23

negative reinforcement.

Question 24

With negative reinforcement,
the individual can only escape aversive stimulation.
the individual can only avoid aversive stimulation.
the individual escapes or avoids aversive stimulation.
behavior decreases.

Answer 24

the individual escapes or avoids aversive stimulation.