04 Behavioral Assessment / 04.02 Setting Events, EOs, Instructional Variables, Descriptive Assessment

Question 1

Which requires the most expertise to conduct properly?
	descriptive analysis
	indirect assessment
	scatter plot analysis
	functional analysis

Answer 1

functional analysis

Question 2

Which statement is accurate? Interventions based on a functional assessment are
more likely to be effective.
less likely to involve punishment.
likely to focus on strengthening behaviors that are functionally equivalent to the problem behavior.
(all of the others)

Answer 2

(all of the others)

Question 3

Setting events should be considered in a functional assessment because they
sample the universe of critical features of a setting.
can exert control over antecedent-response relations.
can exert control over behavior-consequence interactions.
(all of the others)

Answer 3

can exert control over antecedent-response relations.
Setting events are antecedent stimulus events or contexts. They include social, physical, and biological events that may exert general control over behavior. These are often overlooked variables, and are therefore, uncontrolled in the assessment environment. A social setting event is exemplified by the presence of a disliked individual. A biological setting event could be an ear infection or other illness. A physical setting event could be a stuffy room or noise. These elements exert influence over stimulus-response relations in a general way. For example, a demand under normal circumstances suddenly becomes aversive when not feeling well, thus occasioning aggression. (Sprague & Horner, 1999, pp. 26-28)

Question 4

A functional analysis of head banging yields no results until the therapist conducts sessions when the client hasn't eaten for several hours. This primarily illustrates the importance of considering
	settings.
	consequences.
	establishing operations.
	discriminative stimuli.

Answer 4

establishing operations.

The lack of a tangible item, presence of demands, and lack of attention conditions are establishing operations built into the functional analysis protocol. However, there are other establishing operations that influence the value of certain consequences that may be inadequately controlled. For example, demands may not be aversive unless in discomfort and food may not be reinforcing unless hungry. (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, pp. 374-391; Michael, 1993)

Question 5

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
short vs. long intertrial intervals.
beverage available with caffeine vs. without caffeine.
reinforcer presented to dominant vs. non-dominant hand.
(all of the others)

Answer 5

short vs. long intertrial intervals.

For all of the following instructional variables, the former resulted in fewer problem behaviors than the latter: student vs. teacher selected activities; a variety of tasks vs. a single task; activities that result in immediate natural reinforcement vs. contrived reinforcement; easy vs. difficult tasks; preferred vs. non-preferred tasks; predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule; short vs. long intertrial intervals. (Munk & Karsh, 1999, pp. 262-269)

Question 6

Which statement is accurate? Interventions based on a functional assessment are
more likely to be effective.
are likely to focus on strengthening behaviors that are functionally unrelated to the problem behavior.
more likely to involve punishment.
(all of the others)

Answer 6

more likely to be effective.

Question 7

Which is an example of a setting event?
	operant
	breathing
	allergies
	(all of the others)

Answer 7

allergies

Setting events are antecedent stimulus events or contexts. They include social, physical, and biological events that may exert general control over behavior. A social setting event is exemplified by the presence of a disliked individual, crowding, classroom social structure, social activities, teasing, and teacher-student interactions. Biological setting events include, ear infections, urinary tract infections, constipation, allergies, and menstrual discomfort. Physical setting events include room temperature, transportation routes, lighting, humidity, odors, and noise. (Sprague & Horner, 1999, pp. 26-28)

Question 8

Which is an example of a setting event?
a large amount of caffeine in your blood
onset of a police siren immediately after you run a STOP sign
breathing
a mand for caffeine

Answer 8

a large amount of caffeine in your blood
Setting events are antecedent stimulus events or contexts. They include social, physical, and biological events that may exert general control over behavior. A social setting event is exemplified by the presence of a disliked individual, crowding, classroom social structure, social activities, teasing, and teacher-student interactions. Biological setting events include, ear infections, urinary tract infections, constipation, allergies, and menstrual discomfort. Physical setting events include room temperature, transportation routes, lighting, humidity, odors, and noise. (Sprague & Horner, 1999, pp. 26-28)

Question 9

The importance of considering establishing operations that may not be apparent in a standard functional analysis is illustrated by which of the following?
aggression only occurs in demand conditions
aggression only occurs in demand conditions during menses
stereotypy occurs in all conditions
stereotypy occurs most often in alone conditions

Answer 9

aggression only occurs in demand conditions during menses
The lack of a tangible item, presence of demands, and lack of attention conditions are establishing operations built into the functional analysis protocol. However, there are other establishing operations that influence the value of certain consequences that may be inadequately controlled. For example, demands may not be aversive unless in discomfort and food may not be reinforcing unless hungry. (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, pp. 374-391; Michael, 1993)

Question 10

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
activities that result in immediate natural reinforcement vs. contrived reinforcement.
variety vs. single task.
student vs. teacher selected activities.
(all of the others)

Answer 10

all others
For all of the following instructional variables, the former resulted in fewer problem behaviors than the latter: student vs. teacher selected activities; a variety of tasks vs. a single task; activities that result in immediate natural reinforcement vs. contrived reinforcement; easy vs. difficult tasks; preferred vs. non-preferred tasks; predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule; short vs. long intertrial intervals. (Munk & Karsh, 1999, pp. 262-269)

Question 11

Being familiar with relevant instructional variables
is helpful so that one could manipulate these variables to determine their influence on behavior.
could lead to a parsimonious (simple), yet effective intervention.
is helpful so that these could be considered when conducting a descriptive analysis.
(all of the others)

Answer 11

all others

Question 12

Which is an example of a setting event?
	a bell that is an SD for sitting quietly in one's seat
	background noise level
	SIB
	contingent praise

Answer 12

background noise level

Question 13

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
short vs. long intertrial interval.
easy vs. difficult tasks.
predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule.
(all of the others)

Answer 13

all others

Question 14

Setting events
exert general control over behavior through consequent events.
are defined by the significant latency between the antecedent stimulus and the response.
exert general control over antecedent-behavior interactions.
exert control over behavior-consequence interactions.

Answer 14

exert general control over antecedent-behavior interactions.

Question 15

Being familiar with relevant instructional variables
is helpful because one could manipulate these variables to determine their influence on behavior.
is helpful if one is conducting an analogue assessment, but not a descriptive analysis.
is helpful because one could manipulate these variables to determine their influence on peers.
(all of the others)

Answer 15

is helpful because one could manipulate these variables to determine their influence on behavior.

Question 16

Which is an example of a setting event?
	a place where one was attacked
	private pain
	a large amount of caffeine in the blood stream
	(all of the others)

Answer 16

all of others

Setting events are antecedent stimulus events or contexts. They include social, physical, and biological events that may exert general control over behavior. A social setting event is exemplified by the presence of a disliked individual, crowding, classroom social structure, social activities, teasing, and teacher-student interactions. Biological setting events include, ear infections, urinary tract infections, constipation, allergies, and menstrual discomfort. Physical setting events include room temperature, transportation routes, lighting, humidity, odors, noise, and places where one has been emotionally traumatized. (Sprague & Horner, 1999, pp. 26-28)

Question 17

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
reinforcer presented to dominant vs. non-dominant hand.
variety vs. single task.
addition problems with even numbers vs. even or odd numbers.
(all of the others)

Answer 17

variety vs. single task.

for all of the following instructional variables, the former resulted in fewer problem behaviors than the latter: student vs. teacher selected activities; a variety of tasks vs. a single task; activities that result in immediate natural reinforcement vs. contrived reinforcement; easy vs. difficult tasks; preferred vs. non-preferred tasks; predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule; short vs. long intertrial intervals. (Munk & Karsh, 1999, pp. 262-269)

Question 18

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
use of primary vs. secondary reinforcement.
reinforcer presented to dominant vs. non-dominant hand.
student vs. teacher selected activities.
(all of the others)

Answer 18

student vs. teacher selected activities.

Question 19

Some instructional variables that could influence problem behaviors in the classroom include
predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule.
use of primary vs. secondary reinforcement.
reinforcer presented to dominant vs. non-dominant hand.
(all of the others)

Answer 19

predictability vs. unpredictability of schedule