Child Development - Lecture Three

Question 1

Criticism One

Answer 1

Babies don’t seem to start with nothing

Question 2

1. Space and objects

Answer 2

The Visual Cliff
The Effect of Occlusion
Understanding Support
Object Permanence

Question 3

The Visual Cliff

Answer 3

Children appear to be able to perceive depth around the time they can crawl, some pre-crawling infants may be able to discriminate between the two sides of the ‘cliff’

Question 4

The Effect of Occlusion

Answer 4

Habitation procedure- children prefer to pay attention to new and weird things, they then become accustomed to it, however, the moment something else new and weird happens they pay attention to it again

Question 5

Understanding of Support

Answer 5

Develops gradually by 6 months

Question 6

Object permanence

Answer 6

With the A not B effect, the children don’t actually believe the object is in location A however they have trouble overriding the motor habit

Question 7

2. Number and Mathematical Reasoning

Answer 7

Piaget said that infants had no concept of number and couldn’t conserve number until they were around 6-years-old but even 6 month-olds show some understanding of number

Question 8

3. Social Cognition

Answer 8

Newborn babies would rather look at faces than scrambled faces
Intentions

Question 9

Social Cognition at 3-weeks-old

Answer 9

Infants will attempt to imitate facial expressions

Question 10

Social Cognition at 9-months-old

Answer 10

Infant looks in the direction of their mother’s gaze, this teaches them that other people have different perceptions

Question 11

Intentions

Answer 11

Infants of 6-months-old appear to understand actions in terms of intended goals

Question 12

Criticism Two

Answer 12

Cognitive development an all-or-nothing phenomenon

Question 13

1. Numerical Skills in Preschoolers

Answer 13

Counting

Numerical reasoning

Question 14

Counting

Answer 14

Even when they don’t use the right numbers, toddlers understand what counting is all about

Question 15

Numerical reasoning

Answer 15

Children younger than 6 can generally conserve number if the task is relevant

Question 16

2. Social Cognition in Preschoolers

Answer 16

Egocentrism
Theory of Mind
Others’ likes and dislikes
True and false belief

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

Piaget thought that children were geocentric until they were around 7-years-old but even 3- and 4-year-olds can ‘pass’ a diorama task if it’s relevant
At 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 children will turn a book around so an adult can see it and bend down when talking to younger children and children under 1-year will turn to see what their mother is looking at

Question 18

Theory of Mind

Answer 18

A group of skills relating to the understanding of the existence of other people’s minds (their intentions, beliefs, likes and dislikes, perspectives, etc.), this allows us to be effective in social situations

Question 19

Others’ likes and dislikes

Answer 19

Broccoli vs crackers study where 18-month-olds gave the experimenter what she liked and the 14-month-olds have the experimenter what they liked

Question 20

True and false belief

Answer 20

One aspect of theory of mind, on average 4-year-olds pass and 3-year-olds don’t