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PSYC112 Lectures > Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Nine > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Nine Flashcards

Personality Disorders

1
Q

Personality disorders

A

Persistent maladaptive or culturally infrequent, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour
Significant distress or impairment

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2
Q

Persistent maladaptive or culturally infrequent, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour includes

A

Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal relationships and maladaptive behaviour

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3
Q

How do people with personality disorders act across situations?

A

Inflexible and pervasive

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4
Q

How far back can personality disorders be traced?

A

To adolescence

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5
Q

Conceptualisations of personality disorders

A

Categorical, dimensional and normal vs abnormal traits

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6
Q

Categorical conceptualisations of personality disorders

A

Psychiatric classification

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7
Q

Dimensional conceptualisations of personality disorders

A

Ranges from normality to severe

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8
Q

Normal vs. Abnormal traits conceptualisations of personality disorders

A

Extreme variants of normal traits and abnormal traits that only exists is disordered individuals

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9
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd and eccentric

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10
Q

Odd and eccentric

A

Paranoid, Schizoid and Schozotypal

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11
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

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12
Q

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic

A

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic

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13
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious of fearful

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14
Q

Anxious of fearful

A

Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-compulsive

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15
Q

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders

A

People with these disorders display behaviors similar to, but not as extensive as, schizophrenia

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16
Q

Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

A

Mild schizophrenia disorder but not a psychotic disorder

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17
Q

Treatment for Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders

A

Little is known

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18
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder symptoms

A

Deep suspicion or mistrust of others, hypersensitivity, vigilance, and caution, pathological jealousy, control, and anger/hostility

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19
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder symptoms

A

Persistent avoidance, limited emotional expression, withdrawn and reclusive. They have little interest in other people, other than first degree relative

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20
Q

Fewer than 1% of the population have been diagnosed with Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

It is slightly more likely to occur in men than in women

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21
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorders

A

Psychoticism, Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation and excessive social anxiety/withdrawal

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22
Q

Psychoticism examples

A

Ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and odd thinking and speech

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23
Q

Does Cluster A have a genetic link to schizophrenia?

A

Family members of schizophrenics at higher risk for schizotypal

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24
Q

Schizotypal with schizophrenia

A

Schizotypal (conceptually) linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia (less severe)

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25
Q

Schizoid with schizophrenia

A

Schizoid (conceptually) linked to negative symptoms of schizophrenia but there’s no empirical evidence for a genetic link

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26
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder symptoms

A

Disregard for social norms, reckless behaviour, impulsivity, irresponsibility, prone to anger/aggression, deceitfulness and manipulative and lack of guilt or remorse

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27
Q

Problems with Antisocial Personality Disorder diagnosis

A

50-80% inmates are diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder
Low cut-off criteria (3)
Mostly based on behaviour

28
Q

Alternative diagnosis for Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Psychopathy

29
Q

Psychopathy

A

Psychopaths can be described as intraspecies
predators who use charm, manipulation,
intimidation, and violence to control others and
satisfy their own selfish needs. Lacking in
conscience and feelings for others, they cold-
bloddedly take what they want and do as they
please, violating social norms and expectations without the slightest sense of guilt or regret

30
Q

Psychopathy symptoms (in addition to the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder)

A

Superficial charm, grandiosity, social potency, low anxiety, shallow emotions, lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse, inability of form deep relationships
and fearlessness

31
Q

Two-process model for aetiology factors

A

Factor 1 - affective/interpersonal

Factor 2 - Antisocial behaviour

32
Q

Affective/interpersonal

A

Amygdala – poor fear conditioning, inability to read distress cues

33
Q

Antisocial Behaviour

A

Orbitofrontal cortex – disinhibition, poor emotional decision making

34
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms

A

Instability of self-image and relationships, affective instability and impulsive, unpredictable and destructive behaviour

35
Q

Instability of self-image and relationships

A

Identity disturbance
Intense interpersonal attachments
Idolization vs. devaluation

36
Q

Affective instability

A

Dysphoria and chronic feelings of emptiness
Prolonged/violent emotional outbursts
Extreme emotional response to abandonment

37
Q

Impulsive, unpredictable and destructive behaviour

A

Bouts of anger/violence
Suicidal gestures
Substance abuse
Reckless behaviour

38
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder aetiology

A

Psychodynamic and Biopsychosocial theory

39
Q

Psychodynamic aetiology

A

Early parent relationship e.g. objectives-relations - lack of early acceptance by parents

40
Q

Biopsychosocial theory aetiology

A

Invalidation childhood environments - child might be punished for appropriate emotional expression yet parents model inappropriate expression of emotion which causes confusion towards the child

41
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder treatment

A

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

42
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder symptoms

A 
Extremely dramatic 
Shallow emotions
Centre of attention
Engage in attention - seeking behaviours
Vain, self-centered, and demanding
43
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder aetiology and treatment

A

No research on aetiology or treatment

44
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder symptoms

A

Grandiose, need much admiration
Lack of empathy
Seldom interested in feelings of others
Expect constant attention and admiration from those around them
Association with superiority
Exaggerate achievements, appear arrogant/haughty

45
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder aetiology

A

Psychodynamic theorists and behavioural and cognitive theorists

46
Q

Psychodynamic theorists

A

Cold, rejecting parents. Narcissistic Paradox - reaction formation

47
Q

Behavioural and cognitive theorists

A

Too much positive reinforcement

48
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder treatment

A

No known treatments

49
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorders symptoms

A 
Uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations
Feelings of inadequacy
Sensitive to negative evaluation 
Feel unappealing or inferior
Few close friends
50
Q

Dependent Personality Disorders symptoms

A

Central feature: difficulty with separation
Pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
Clingy and obedient
Rely on others for decisions
Feel distressed, lonely, and sad; dislike selves

51
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders symptoms

A

Preoccupied with order, perfection, and control
Unreasonably high standards for selves and others
Rigid and stubborn; trouble expressing affection

52
Q

Preoccupied with order, perfection, and control

A

Lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency

53
Q

Unreasonably high standards for selves and others

A

Rigid moral code

54
Q

Rigid and stubborn; trouble expressing affection

A

Relationships often stiff and superficial

55
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders

A

Different Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

56
Q

Limitations with DSM-5 systems

A 
Excessive comorbidity
Inadequate coverage
Excessive within-diagnosis heterogeneity
No clear boundary between normal and pathological personality 
Inadequate scientific base
57
Q

Solution for the DSM-5 systems

A

Dimensional personality traits define disorders

Analogous to Intellectual Disability

58
Q

Dimensional personality traits define disorders

A

Individuals vary in degree rather than in kind

Constellation of extreme manifestation of personality traits results in a disorder

59
Q

Analogous to Intellectual Disability

A

Extreme standing on a dimension (intelligence) Impairment in functioning - disorder

60
Q

DSM-5 III Model Criterion A

A

Significant impairments in self (identity or self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy or intimacy) functioning

61
Q

DSM-5 III Criterion B

A

Personality Profile

62
Q

DSM-5 III Model Self

A

Identity and self-direction

63
Q

DSM-5 III Model Interpersonal

A

Empathy and intimacy

64
Q

DSM-5 III Five Personality Trait Domains

A

Negative Affectivity
Detachment
Antagonism
Disinhibition & Compulsivity Psychoticism

65
Q

Personality types - defined by trait profiles

A 
Antisocial
Avoidant
Borderline
Narcissistic
Obsessive-Compulsive Schizotypal
66
Q

PDTS

A

Personality Disorder Trait Specific

PSYC112 Lectures (34 decks)

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