sleep

Question 1

3 classifications of sleep deprivation

Answer 1

psychiatric and neurological, neurological, somatic

Question 2

psychiatric and neurological effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 2

sleepiness, irritability, stress, mood fluctuations, depression, impulsivity, hallucinations; risk factor for seizures

Question 3

neurological effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 3

impaired attention, memory, executive function; risk of error and accidents; neurodegeneration

Question 4

somatic effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 4

glucose intolerance, reduced leptin/increased appetite, impaired immunity, increased risk of CVD and cancer, death

Question 5

what happens to sleep regulation after sleep loss to compensate

Answer 5

reduced latency to sleep onset (get to sleep faster), increase of slow wave sleep (NREM), increase of REM sleep (after selective REM sleep deprivation)

Question 6

4 potential functions of sleep

Answer 6

restoration and recovery, energy conservation (10% drop in basal metabolic rate), predator avoidance, specific brain functions (memory consolidation)

Question 7

when do dreams occur

Answer 7

in either REM or NREM, but more frequent and easily recalled in REM

Question 8

where is brain activity during dreams, and impact on content

Answer 8

higher in limbic system than in frontal lobe, so more emotional than “real-

Question 9

3 possible functions of dreams

Answer 9

safety valve for antisocial emotions, disposal of unwanted memories, memory consolidation; may have no function (side effect of brain activity when awake)

Question 10

types of sleep disorders

Answer 10

insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy

Question 11

duration of insomnia, and impact on life

Answer 11

most transient but some chronic; functional impact on life, and are they falling asleep during day because disrupted sleep cycle

Question 12

2 classifications of chronic insomnia

Answer 12

physiological and brain dysfunction

Question 13

2 causes of physiological chronic insomnia

Answer 13

sleep apnoea, chronic pain

Question 14

3 causes of brain dysfunction chronic insomnia

Answer 14

depression, fatal familial insomnia (primary brain neurodegenerative disease), night working

Question 15

3 treatments for insomnia

Answer 15

sleep hygiene, hypnotics, sleep cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 16

how do hypnotics work when treating insomnia

Answer 16

enhance GABAergic circuits

Question 17

how to improve sleep hygiene

Answer 17

common sense: fixed times, relaxed routine, comfortable sleep environment, not napping during daytime, avoid caffeine nicotine and alcholol late at night, avoid eating heavy meal at night

Question 18

define hypersomnia

Answer 18

excessive daytime sleepiness

Question 19

common causes of hypersomnia

Answer 19

obstructive sleep apnoea (keep waking up but don’t remember), restless legs syndrome, nocturnal pain, neurodegenerative disease, medication, noise, anxiety

Question 20

rare causes of hypersomnia

Answer 20

oesophageal acid reflux, severe bruxism

Question 21

3 primary causes of hypersomnia

Answer 21

narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnolence, post-traumatic brain injury

Question 22

subjective test for sleepiness

Answer 22

Epworth sleepiness scale

Question 23

define narcolepsy

Answer 23

falling asleep repeatedly during day and distrurbed sleep during night

Question 24

3 causes of narcolepsy

Answer 24

cataplexy (sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions e.g. laughter), dysfunction of control of REM sleep, orexin/hypocretin deficiency

Question 25

effect of shift work on physiological processes

Answer 25

desensitisation leading to sleep disorders, fatigue, increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cancer

Question 26

feedback process of sleep and neurological disease

Answer 26

Question 27

Lewy Body disease

Answer 27

REM sleep disorder behaviour (no muscle atonia so act out dreams); linked to dementia