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Micro > L4: Viruses > Flashcards

L4: Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vaccine for HPV called?

A

Gardasil

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2
Q

What virus is a major cause of cervical cancer and warts

A

Human Papilloma Virus

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3
Q

Why aren’t viruses living?

A

they depend on host metabolism and need to infect living cells to replicate

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4
Q

Define virus

A

obligate, intracellular parasites

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5
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

protein and nucleic acid

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6
Q

What measurement is used to measure viruses?

A

nm

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7
Q

How many genes do Parvoviruses have?

A

3

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8
Q

How many genes do Mimiviruses have?

A

900

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9
Q

What is a virion?

A

complete virus particle

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10
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein coat around genome of a virus

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11
Q

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

the capsid and nucleic acid of a virus

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12
Q

What is a protomer?

A

protein subunit of capsid

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13
Q

What is a virus called when it has more than one morphological type?

A

binal

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14
Q

What is a virus with an envelope called?

A

enveloped

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15
Q

long tube-like virus is called what?

A

helical

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16
Q

gemstone-like virus is called what?

A

icosahedral

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17
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type icosahedral?

A

Polyomavirus

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18
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type helical?

A

Tubulovirus

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19
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type binal?

A

T-even coliphage

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20
Q

What’s an example of a virus with the morphological type enveloped?

A

Herpesvirus

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21
Q

What are helical capsids?

A

Hollow tubes with protein walls

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22
Q

What’s an example of a virus with Helical Capsids

A

Influenza

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23
Q

How many faces does an icosahedral capsids?

A

20 triangular faces

24
Q

What’s a capsomer?

A

ring-shaped units, made up of 5 or 6 protomers

25
Q

What type of virus infects bacterial cells, often resulting in cell lysis

A

bacteriophages

26
Q

What is the name of the bacterial defense mechanism to prevent phage attack

A

CRISPR/Cas

27
Q

Where does the envelope around a virus come from?

A

host cell membrane

28
Q

Where are tegument proteins found?

A

between the envelope and capsid

29
Q

What is on the viral envelope that is encoded by the virus?

A

protein spikes

30
Q

What is HIV?

A

the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

31
Q

How does HIV work?

A

the viral spike protein gp120 binds host cell CD4 receptor and CCR5 co-receptor

32
Q

What does the hemagglutinin spike on the influenza virus do?

A

bind to host silica acid

33
Q

What does the neuraminidase spike on the influenza virus do?

A

cleave host lipids and proteins to release virus

34
Q

What does the RNA replicase of the influenza virus do?

A

copies the genome

35
Q

What kind of genome does the influenza virus have?

A

segmented RNA

36
Q

Viral genomes encode ____

A

viral proteins

37
Q

What are the key defining properties used to classify viruses?

A

nucleic acid type
capsid symmetry
presence/absence of envelope

38
Q

What are the steps to the viral multiplication/infectious cycle

A
  1. attachment to host cell
  2. entry and uncoating
  3. synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids
  4. assembly of capsids
  5. release of virions
39
Q

What happens during animal virus attachment

A

viral surface proteins meidate attachment to host receptors such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

40
Q

What are the two ways viruses can enter a cell

A

enveloped virus fuses with plasma membrane

non-enveloped virus enter by endocytosis (enter and become surrounded by part of the host membrane)

41
Q

What happens once the virus has entered the host cell

A

viral genome is replicated and viral mRNA is made (transcription) and used to make viral proteins (translation)

42
Q

What is the primary factor in determining the life cycle of an animal virus?

A

the form of its genome

43
Q

Where do DNA viruses typically replicate?

A

nucleus

44
Q

Where do RNA viruses typically replicate?

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

What type of virus needs host DNA polymerase?

A

DNA viruses

46
Q

What do RNA viruses use to replicate?

A

viral RNA replicases

47
Q

What are the 4 types of RNA viruses

A

double-stranded RNA
positive-sense single stranded RNA
negative-sense single stranded RNA
retrovirus

48
Q

What is the difference between +ssRNA and -ssRNA

A

+: genomes act directly as mRNA; upon entry, host ribosomes can immediately translate viral +RNA into protein
-: genomes cannot act directly as mRNA; virus must carry an RNA replicase in its capsid so that upon entry, replicase can make +RNA from the -RNA genome which can then be translated into protein

49
Q

What are 2 examples of +ssRNA viruses?

A

polio and zika

50
Q

What are 2 examples of -ssRNA viruses?

A

influenza and rabies

51
Q

What is provirus?

A

DNA copy of retroviral RNA that becomes integrated into host chromosome

52
Q

What’s an example of a retrovirus?

A

HIV

53
Q

How do retroviruses replicate their genome?

A

they use Reverse Transcriptase to copy RNA into DNA which then integrates into host chromosome and becomes a provirus

54
Q

How do animal viruses synthesize proteins?

A

translation in the cytoplasm using host ribosomes

55
Q

What happens after virus synthesis?

A

capsid and genome assemble in the cytoplasm or nucleus, spike proteins in the envelope insert into the membrane

56
Q

What is latency?

A

when a virus stops reproducing and sits in a dormant state in host cells

57
Q

What are the two forms of animal virus release?

A

lysis or budding

Micro (15 decks)

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