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micro > L10: Photosynthesis, Anabolism, and Genetics > Flashcards

L10: Photosynthesis, Anabolism, and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is anabolism?

A

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy

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2
Q

What does anabolism use?

A

ATP and reducing power (often in the form of NADPH)

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3
Q

What cell constituent requires the most molecules of ATP for synthesis?

A

proteins

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4
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

anabolic pathway for fixing CO2 into carbohydrate

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5
Q

What is another name for the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Calvin cycle

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6
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

Chloroplasts (plants)

Cytoplasm (bacteria)

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7
Q

Why is the Calvin cycle crucial to life?

A

provides organic matter for heterotrophs

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8
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use as carbon sources?

A

reduced organic molecules

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9
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carboxylation phase
Reduction phase
Regeneration phase

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10
Q

What happens in the carboxylation phase of the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco converts ribulose to 3-phosphoglycerate

Requires CO2 and H2O

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11
Q

Where does carboxylation occur?

A

carboxysomes

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12
Q

What happens in the reduction phase of the Calvin cycle?

A

3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Requires ATP and NADPH

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13
Q

What happens in the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle?

A

numerous carbohydrates are produced

ATP is required

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14
Q

The Reductive TCA cycle is the reverse of the ___

A

Krebs cycle

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15
Q

What does the Reductive TCA cycle do?

A

Generates Acetyl-CoA, which allows cells to generate biomolecules
Fixes CO2
Requires 2 ATP

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16
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose synthesis

17
Q

What do humans use to maintain blood glucose levels?

A

gluconeogenesis

18
Q

What does gluconeogenesis require?

A

ATP
GTP
6 enzymes (4 unique to gluconeogenesis)

19
Q

What are the 4 enzymes unique to gluconeogenesis?

A

glucose-6-phosphotase
fructose bisphophatase
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
pyruvate carboxylase

20
Q

What are the 3 processes of genetic information flow?

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

21
Q

What are capsules made up of?

A

exopolysaccharides

22
Q

Describe Griffith’s Transformation Experiments that proved DNA as genetic material

A

Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were used: S (smooth, with capsule) and R (rough, without capsule)
When Live S strain was injected, mouse died.
When Live R strain was injected, mouse lived.
When Heat-killed S strain was injected, mouse lived.
When Heat-killed S strain and R strain were injected mouse died.
Conclusion: Heat-killed S strains release their genetic material that would become encorporated into R strain, and allow the R strain to make the polysaccharide capsule

23
Q

What is the promoter on an operon?

A

area where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

24
Q

What is the operator on an operon?

A

area where repressor proteins bind to block transcription

25
Q

What are inducers?

A

molecules that bind repressors; block repressor binding

26
Q

Each nucleotide is made up of

A

sugar (deoxyribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
phosphate group

27
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine, guanine

28
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine

29
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

double helix
2 complementary strands
antiparallel

30
Q

What types of bonds connects deoxynucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

31
Q

What types of bonds connect the strands of DNA?

A

H bonds

32
Q

What’s end of DNA is the OH group?

A

3’

33
Q

Mycoplasma

A

bacteria with one of the smallest genomes (580 kb)

34
Q

How is DNA usually packed in prokaryotes?

A

circular, closed, supercoiled molecule

packed into loops or domains called the nucleoid

35
Q

How is DNA usually packed in eukaryotes?

A

linear
“beads on a string”
wrapped around proteins called histones
histones are collectively called nucleosomes

36
Q

How is DNA usually packed in Archaea?

A

circular chromosomes with histones

micro (15 decks)

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