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Micro > L8: Catabolism > Flashcards

L8: Catabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes transfer energy by moving electrons from:

A

Reduced food molecules >
Diffusible carriers in cytoplasm >
Membrane-bound carriers
Oxygen, metals, or oxidized forms of N and S

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2
Q

What are the two metabolic groups involved in the carbon cycle?

A

heterotrophs

autotrophs

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3
Q

What source of electrons is unique to a few bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes)

A

inorganic molecules

lithotrophs

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4
Q

What are the two ways organotrophs obtain ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

Describe the general processing of organic molecules as energy sources

A

many different energy sources are funneled into common degradative pathways
most pathways generate glucose or intermediates of the pathways used in glucose metabolism

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6
Q

What are the two functions of organic energy sources?

A

they are oxidized to release energy

they provide building blocks for anabolism

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7
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce? How?

A

ATP is produced indirectly via electron transport

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8
Q

What are the three paths of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolytic pathways (glycolysis)
TCA cycle
Electron transport chain with oxygen as final electron acceptor

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9
Q

What are the 3 paths of the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate?

A

Embden-Meyerhof (glycolysis)
Pentose phosphate
Entner-Duodoroff

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10
Q

Glycolysis is a(n) ____ pathway

A

amphibolic

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11
Q

What are the two main stages of glycolysis?

A

6C and 3C

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12
Q

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

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13
Q

What happens during the 6C stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is phosphorylated twice, generating fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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14
Q

What happens during the 3C stage of glycolysis?

A

fructose 1,6-biphosphate splits into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P, then converted to pyruvate

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15
Q

What are the two key reactions of glycolysis?

A

oxidations -> NADH

substrate-level phosphorylations -> ATP

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16
Q

How is NADH generated during glycolysis?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated, which generates a high-energy P bond
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces NADH during glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase

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18
Q

How is ATP generated during glycolysis?

A

High-energy metabolic substrate from the reaction that produced NADH phosphorylates ADP, generating ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

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19
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces ATP during glycolysis?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG) kinase

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20
Q

What type of reaction is the last reaction of glycolysis?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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21
Q

What are two other pathways for glucose breakdown besides glycolysis?

A

Pentose phosphate

Entner-Doudoroff

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22
Q

What does pentose phosphate do?

A

pathway that generates many sugars for biosynthesis

yields 6 NADPH (which is the reducing power for biosynthesis) and 1 ATP

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23
Q

What does Entner-Doudoroff do?

A

pathway that combines reactions of glycolysis and pentose phosphate
yields 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH

24
Q

What are other names for the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)

Citric acid cycle

25
Q

What happens during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2

26
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria (eukaryote)

cytoplasm (prokaryote)

27
Q

What is generated by the Kreb’s cycle?

A

CO2
numerous NADH and FADH2
precursor for biosynthesis

28
Q

What is FADH2?

A

diffusible e- carrier

29
Q

Acetyl CoA has a ______ bond

A

high energy thioester

30
Q

Pyruvate is first oxidized to what during the TCA cycle

A

CO2 and Acetyl CoA

31
Q

During the second step of the TCA cycle, Acetyl CoA is _____ with ______ forming ______

A

condensed with oxaloacetate forming citrate

32
Q

What happens after Acetyl CoA is condensed in the TCA cycle?

A

a series of oxidation and decarboxylation reactions that produce NADH and CO2

33
Q

What molecule is left after all the oxidation and decarboxylation reactions during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Succinyl CoA

34
Q

What is produced via substrate level phosphorylation of Succinyl CoA?

A

guanosine triphosphate

succinate

35
Q

What happens to succinate in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

oxidation reactions form NADH and FADH2, and the cycle resets at citrate

36
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

6 carbons
5 carbons
4 carbons

37
Q

What molecule is introduced to bring the 4 carbon product of the TCA cycle back to 6C citrate?

A

Acetyl-CoA

38
Q

What generates more ATP- oxidation of glucose or electron transport chains?

A

electron transport chains

39
Q

Where do the electrons of NADH and FADH2 come from?

A

oxidation of organic substrates during glycolysis and the TCA cycle

40
Q

What transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to the final terminal electron acceptor?

A

a series of membrane bound electron carriers

41
Q

Electrons flow from carriers with more ____ E0 to more _____ E0

A

negative to positive

42
Q

What’s released as electrons move through the electron transport chain?

A

energy that is used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

43
Q

What’s generated per 1 NADH using O2 as terminal electron acceptor?

A

3 ATPs

44
Q

Where are electron transport chains?

A 
mitochondrial membrane (eukaryotes)
plasma membrane (prokaryotes)
45
Q

What are two electron carriers?

A

cytochromes and quinones

46
Q

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

A

energy released during e- transport is used to establish the proton gradient and charge difference across membranes
Proton motive force

47
Q

PMF

A

proton motive force

48
Q

What drives ATP synthesis in ETC?

A

proton motive force

49
Q

How does PMF drive ATP synthesis?

A

e- flow causes protons to move outward across membranes, ATP is made when they move back in

50
Q

What enzyme uses proton movement to catalyze ATP synthesis?

A

ATP synthase

51
Q

ETC

A

electron transport chain

52
Q

What generates the proton motive force?

A

electron transport chain

53
Q

What are the subunits of bacterial ATP synthase?

A

F0 and F1

54
Q

Describe the Fo subunit of ATP synthase

A

ring of C subunits that rotate
in the plasma membrane
the proton channel

55
Q

Describe the F1 subunit of ATP synthase

A

alpha, beta, and gamma subunits
gamma shaft rotates
conformational changes in alpha and beta sphere drives ATP synthesis

56
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

the alternative electron acceptors (like NO3 -) have less positive reduction potentials than O2

Micro (15 decks)

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