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Micro > L9: Catabolism and Energy Release II > Flashcards

L9: Catabolism and Energy Release II Flashcards

1
Q

What’s an example of a bacterium that can “breath” metals?

A

Shewanella

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2
Q

What does a microbial fuel cell capture to generate electricity?

A

extracellular electrons

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3
Q

What conditions can force microbes into moving electrons extracellularly?

A

anoxic environment (low O2)

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4
Q

What are mud watts?

A

microbial fuel cells that harness the electrogenic potential of soil microbes to produce electrical power

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5
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> fermentation -> ?

A

endogenous organic electron acceptor

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6
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> aerobic respiration -> ?

A

O2

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7
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

organic e- donor -> anaerobic respiration -> ?

A

CO2
NO3 -
fumarate
SO4 2-

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8
Q

What kind of electron acceptor would a microbe use:

inorganic e- donor -> chemolithotrophy -> ?

A

O2
NO3 -
SO4 2-

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9
Q

What is denitrification?

A

form of anaerobic respiration where nitrate (NO3 -) is the terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to N2
process of nitrogen fixation

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10
Q

What effect does denitrification have on farming and what can be done?

A

depletes amount of N in soil, which lowers crop yield

combated with tilling

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11
Q

What species is able to perform denitrification?

A

Paracoccus denitrificans

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12
Q

What species is able to use nitrate as e- acceptor, as long as it is first reduced to nitrite?

A

Escherichia coli

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13
Q

What is the basis of the nitrite strip test?

A

Since E. coli can use nitrate as e- acceptor once nitrate is reduce to nitrite, the nitrite strip test can be used as a diagnostic test for UTIs, since E. coli is often the cause of UTIs

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14
Q

What is fermentation?

A

completion of catabolism without the electron transport system and a terminal electron acceptor

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15
Q

What is generated by fermentation?

A

fermentation products like lactic acid and ethanol
NAD+
ATP by SLP

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16
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

Where are hydrogens transferred during fermentation?

A

from NADH onto pyruvate

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18
Q

What process pairs with fermentation? Why?

A

glycolysis

the reduction of NAD during glycolysis balances the oxidation of NADH in fermentation

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19
Q

What are some food items produced through fermentation?

A

cheese, yogurt, chocolate, alcohol

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20
Q

What are some major fermentations used?

A

lactic, propionic, and ethanolic

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21
Q

What are examples of oxygenic organisms?

A

Higher plants
Multicellular green, brown, and red algae
Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

What are oxygenic organisms?

A

organisms that oxidize H2O for electrons, form oxygen

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23
Q

Where does most of earth’s photosynthetic production come from?

A

microbes like Cyanobacteria

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24
Q

What are anoxygenic organisms?

A

organisms that get electrons from other sources

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25
Q

What part of photosynthesis “traps light”

A

light reactions

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26
Q

How can Mannitol Salt Agar and fermentation be used to identify species?

A

Staphylococcus aureus ferment mannitol and will turn yellow

Staphylococcus epidermidis does not, and will be pink

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27
Q

Describe the species that oxidizes H2S to H2SO4

A 
Domain: Archaea
Genus: Sulfolobus
Habitat: Volcanic springs
Thermoacidophile
Chemolithotroph
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28
Q

Electrons often come from the catabolism of ______ such as ____

A

organic molecules such as glucose

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29
Q

What types of microbes acquire electrons from the oxidation of inorganic sources?

A

chemolithotrophs

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30
Q

What are examples of sources of electrons for chemolithotrophs?

A

H2, NO2, Fe2+

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31
Q

In chemolithotrophs, e- are transferred to _____ by _____, and a ____ and ____ are generated

A

terminal acceptors by ETC and a PMF and ATP are generated

32
Q

Why does iron oxidation yield little energy?

A

the electrons they start with (Fe) are right above oxygen on the ladder

33
Q

What species generates insoluble ferric hydroxide that is toxic to aquatic life?

A

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

34
Q

What two genera work together to remove ammonia in wastewater and fish tanks?

A

nitrosomonas

nitrobacter

35
Q

What do nitrosomonas do?

A

ammonia to nitrite

36
Q

What do nitrobacter do?

A

nitrite to nitrate

37
Q

What is nitrification often followed by?

A

denitrification

38
Q

What is nitrification?

A

the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

39
Q

What is mother dirt?

A

probiotic skin spray that is made up of Nitrosomonas

unknown benefits

40
Q

What part of photosynthesis reduces CO2?

A

dark reactions

41
Q

Phototrophs

A

use light as energy source

42
Q

Autotrophs

A

use CO2 as C source

43
Q

Most phototrophs are ____

A

autotrophs

44
Q

What are chlorophylls?

A

major light-absorbing pigments in eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

45
Q

What are bacteriochlorophylls

A

major light-absorbing pigments in purple and green bacteria

46
Q

What’s the difference between chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls?

A

chlorophylls perform oxygenic photosynthesis and bacteriochlorophylls perform anoxygenic photosynthesis

47
Q

What are examples of accessory pigments in photosynthetic microbes?

A

carotenoids

phycobiliproteins

48
Q

What do accessory pigments do in photosynthetic microbes?

A

transfer light energy to chlorophylls
absorb different wavelengths than chlorophylls
quench toxic forms of oxygen

49
Q

What are examples of toxic forms of oxygen that accessory pigments quench?

A

photoprotectants

antioxidants

50
Q

What are carotenoids commonly found in?

A

carrots

51
Q

What are phycobiliproteins commonly found in?

A

tomatoes

52
Q

Where are photosystems?

A

thylakoid membranes

53
Q

What are photosystems?

A

light-harvesting arrays made up of chlorophylls and accessory pigments

54
Q

Describe the movement of light through photosystems and reaction centers

A

light energy absorbed by photosystem
energy transferred to reaction center chlorophyll
chlorophyll electrons are excited and are passed to the first acceptor in ETC

55
Q

Where do light reactions take place in plants and cyanobacteria?

A

thylakoids

56
Q

What do light reactions need in plants and cyanobacteria?

A

chlorophyll

57
Q

What photosystem(s) are used for light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria?

A

PSI and II

58
Q

Are light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria oxygenic or anoxygenic? why?

A

oxygenic because the process generates oxygen by splitting water

59
Q

What types of reactions occur during light reactions in plants and cyanobacteria?

A

cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

60
Q

What photosystem does cyclic photophosphorylation use?

A

PS1

61
Q

What photosystem does noncyclic photophosphorylation use?

A

PSI and II

62
Q

What type of photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADPH?

A

noncyclic

63
Q

Where do the electrons in cyclic photophosphorylation end up?

A

back on the chlorophyll

64
Q

Where do the electrons in noncyclic photophosphorylation end up?

A

used to generate NADPH

65
Q

What role does PSII play in noncyclic photophosphorylation?

A

replenishes electrons by splitting water

66
Q

Where do light reactions take place in green and purple bacteria?

A

plasma membrane

67
Q

What do light reactions need in green and purple bacteria?

A

bacteriochlorophyll

68
Q

What photosystem(s) are used for light reactions in green and purple bacteria?

A

just PSI

69
Q

What types of reactions occur during light reactions in green and purple bacteria?

A

just cyclic photophosphorylation (no NADPH generated)

70
Q

Are light reactions in green and purple bacteria oxygenic or anoxygenic? why?

A

anoxygenic because they use H2, H2S, or organic matter as electron donors, water is not split, and oxygen is not generated

71
Q

Can Archaea be photosynthetic?

A

yes (some are)

72
Q

What is different about photosynthesis in Archaea?

A

use a pigment protein called Rhodopsin instead of chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll

73
Q

Where is Rhodopsin found?

A

in plasma membrane

74
Q

Describe the structure of Rhodopsin?

A

7 transmembrane helices

75
Q

What enables vision in low light in human retinas?

A

Rhodopsin

76
Q

How does Rhodopsin work?

A

absorbs light, causing a conformational change that pumps protons out
basically it functions as a light driven proton pump

Micro (15 decks)

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