Quizlet- Respiratory System Flashcards by Nick Calvin

Function of the respiratory system

Supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2

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Region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

Nasopharynx

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Common passageway for air and food and descends to point of separation of esophagus and trachea

Oropharynx

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Protects the opening into the larynx, by flipping up or down with swallowing or breathing

Epiglottis

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Located in the oropharynx and protect the opening to the respiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt entry by this route

Palatine Tonsils (tonsils)

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The inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

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Starts below the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage
Adams apple, cricoid cartilage, upper pair of vocal chords
False pair, lower pair of vocal chords
True vocal chords, Glottis
True vocal chords and the space between them

Larynx

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Nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, into trachea

Upper respiratory tract

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Contains resident flora, air is warmed and moistened as passed through nasal cavity (when air is passed through the mouth, it is not warmed, moistened or filtered)

Nose and nasal passages

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Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
Lined by respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified columnar epithelium which has goblet cells and cilia; mucous traps debris and cilia sweeps it away

Paranasal sinuses

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Posterior wall of nasopharynx contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids-lymphoid tissue)

Nasopharynx

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Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Lower respiratory tract

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Begins at inferior border of larynx, ends at level of T5 where it bifurcates
This bifurcation radiographically is called the carina and corresponds to the level of T4 and T5
Composed of rings of cartilage, smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Air proceeds from the trachea to the right and left bronchus

Trachea (Windpipe)

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Larger and straighter so more likely destination for any aspirated material

Right Bronchus

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Where bronchus enters lung

Hilum

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Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Bronchial tree

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Become smaller cartilage rings diminish and smooth muscle increases allows contraction and relaxation

Bronchi

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Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
Contain macrophages which remove foreign debris that penetrates them

Alveoli

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Two cone shaped spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity on either side of the heart, enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Lungs

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Located in the center of the chest between the lungs, which contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus and trachea

Mediastinum

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A dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs

Diaphragm

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Lung Lobes

3 in right lung

2 in left lung

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Double-layered (walled) serous membrane (sac) that encloses and protects each lung

Pleural Membrane

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Attached to the surface (outside) of the lung

Visceral Pleura

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Outer layer of pleura attached to the ribs and chest wall and diaphragm

Parietal Pleura

Separates visceral and parietal pleura, contains small amount of fluid

Pleural Cavity

Ribs, vertebrae, sternum, providing rigid protection for the lungs

Thorax Consists

Ribs

12 pairs | 2 Floating T11 T12

Point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right main-stem bronchi T4-T5

Carina

- 2nd most common type of cancer in both men and women - Leading cause of cancer related deaths in both men and women - Most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco exposure - 87% of lung cancer cases are a result of smoking tobacco (American Cancer Society) - Most people diagnosed are 65 or older - Spouses of smokers have a 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer compared with nonsmokers - 30% of all Cancer related deaths are associated with smoking tobacco

Lung Cancer

Cancerous tumor originating in a bronchial epithelium most common type malignant lung tumor

Brochogenic carcinoma

No small cell lung cancer- NSCLC

80-85% of lung cancer

Develops near the hilum and projects into the airways

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

The most common cancer of the general population, especially in women who are non-smokers. It is located periphery with tumor cells forming gland-like structures.

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Oat cell (rapidly growing) 10-15% of lung cancers Rare for anyone who has never smoked Very poor prognosis- usually receive prophylactic cranial irradiation

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

A tumor of the pulmonary apex Top end of the right or left lung Most are NSCLC

Pancoast Tumor

Cause: Superior vena cava obstruction- increase venous pressure - Produces edema of the upper body, cyanosis, dilated subcutaneous collateral vessels in the chest, and headache. Cervical lymphadenopathy may also be present as a result of either stasis or metastatic involvement

SVC Syndrome

More than 90% is d/t malignancy #1 bronchogenic carcinoma- invasion of SVC 70% #2 Lymphoma #3 Substernal thyroid or thoracic aortic aneurysm Others: iatrogenically by indwelling catheters

SVC Syndrome

Types of Pneumonia

Lobar pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia

Pertaining to the lobes; diseased state of the lung affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.

Lobar Pneumonia

A localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli

Bronchopneumonia

Inflammatory process predominantly involving the walls and lining of the alveoli, its septa, and interstitial supporting structures

Interstitial Pneumonia

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breath, characterized by progressive tissue degeneration and obstruction in the airways of the lungs (Examples: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Smoking)

COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Atelectasis

Sneezing, coughing, sputum, irregular breathing patterns and sounds, Dyspnea, Cyanosis, pleural pain, fiction rub, clubbed fingers changes in the arterial gases

Manifestations of respiratory disease

Inhaling liquid or solid material into the lungs or withdrawing fluid or tissue from a cavity or organ

Aspiration

Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract

Sputum

The removal of fluid from the pleural cavity using a needle

Thoracentesis

Dyspnea (difficulty to breath) that occurs when a person is lying down

Orthopnea

An incision in the windpipe made to relieve an obstruction to breathing

Tracheotomy

- Compression such as a tumor pressing on part of the lung preventing air from entering that section of the lung - Obstructive/Re-absorption so that air is not replaced - Pulmonary edema preventing expansion of the lung - Fibrotic tissue in the lungs or pleural restricted expansion - Post surgical distress resulting in restricted ventilation due to pain or abdominal distention, slow shallow respiration due to anesthetics and analgesics, increase secretions due to the supine position and decreased cough effort

Possible cause of atelectasis

Harsh or high-pitched respiratory sound, caused by an obstruction of the air passages

Stridor

Insufficient O2 in the arterial blood

Hypoxemia

Light bubbly crackling sounds associated with serous secretions

Rales

Decreased or insufficient O2 levels in the tissue

Hypoxia

Deeper harsher sounds resulting from thicker mucus

Rhonchi

Drugs that induce vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa and reduce edema

Decongestants

Bifurcation of the two main bronchi in the trachea

Carina

Blood tinged frothy sputum. Associated with pulmonary edema

Hemoptysis

A non-aeration or collapse of the lung of part of lung

Atelectasis

Drugs that reduce cough reflex

Anti-tussive

Normal breathing pattern

Eupnea

Drugs that create thing respiratory secretions for easy removal (cough up)

Expectorants

Abnormally slow breathing rate; less than 12 breaths per minute, deeper that regular breath

Bradypnea

Cessation of breathing

Apnea

Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

Pneumothorax

Rapid superficial breathing, regular or irregular rhythm

Tachypnea

Blood in the pleural cavity; seen in pneumonia tuberculosis, or carcinoma

Hemothorax

Whistling sound indicating obstruction in the small airways

Wheezing

Accumulation of fluid leaking from a blood vessel into cavity - Pleural effusion is the presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

Effusion