Nervous System Flashcards
A group of speech and language disorders resulting from brain damage
Aphasia
The outer layer, is a tough fibrous, double layer membrane that separates at specific points to form the dural sinuses, which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation
Dura mater
a loose, web-like covering, is the middle layer
Arachnoid
a delicate connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions on the surface of the brain, is the inner layer. Many small blood vessels are found in
Pia mater
Is an infection, usually of bacterial origin, in the meninges of the CNS
Meningitis
A state of extreme lethargy, unawareness, and unresponsiveness
Stupor
Severe headache, back pain, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity (a hyperextended, stiff neck) Two other clinical signs of meningeal irritation include the Kernig sign (resistance to leg extension when lying with the hip flexed) and the Brudzinski sign (neck flexion causes flexion of hip and knee).
signs and symptoms of Meningitis
A CVA or stroke is an infarction of brain tissue resulting from a thrombus, embolus, or hemorrhage causing permanent loss of brain tissue; May result from atheroma, embolus, or hemorrhage causing total loss of blood supply to an area of the brain and subsequent infarction
What is a cerebrovascular accident and what is the cause
loss of memory
Amnesia
: is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates within the skull, compressing the brain tissue and blood vessels
hydrocephalus
is considered an infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and cord.
encephalitis
death or destruction of tissue
necrosis
a protective mechanism provided primarily by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain.
Blood Brain Barrier
a fold of dura mater, or the outer covering of the brain; separates these compartments
tentorium
procedures are performed if the tumor location is accessible and the tumor volume is large.
Debulking
toward the center; for example, afferent nerves carry impulses toward the central nervous system.
Afferent
moving away from the center; for example, efferent nerve fibers carry motor impulses to muscles.
Efferent
a collection of nerve cell bodies, usually outside the central nervous system.
Ganglion
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Detection and Diagnosis
Neurologic workup
CT
MRI
PET
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Treatment
Surgery
Debulking
Depends on location
Radiation Therapy
Chemo-limited due to Blood Brain Barrior (BBB)
Many chemo drugs cannot pass through the BBB
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Patterns of Spread
Spreads through local invasion and seeding
Gliomas-local invasion (no capsule to contain them)
Medulloblastomas-seeding via CSF (craniospinal treatment)
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Signs and or symptoms
Clinical Presentation of brain tumors (depends on location)
Headache
Seizures
Balance issues
Mental status change, personality or behavior changes
Blurred vision
Clinical Presentation of spinal cord tumors (depends on location)
Pain, weakness, loss of sensation, bowel and bladder control problems
Can be a radiation therapy emergency
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Grading
Uses a grading system rather than a staging system
Grade I – IV (see box 32-2 on page 688 W/L)
Rarely spreads to other parts of the body but will grow and invade surrounding area
As they continue to grow, will progress from a low-grade tumor to a higher grade tumor
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Prognosis
Based on grade or type of tumor, rate of growth, and location and patient function level (Karnofsky performance scale)
Patient’s age also play important roll in prognosis
