Female & Male Reproductive System- Plus Breast PPT

Question 1

Testicular Cancer

What is recommended when a male with Testicular cancer going thru chemotherapy do?

Answer 1

Provide their sperm to a sperm bank

Question 2

True or False

Testicular cancers is most common in malignancy in men between the ages of 50-70

Answer 2

False

Most common age is 20-34 years of age
Occurs primarily in the 15-35 year old age group

Question 3

What are the (3) risk of Testicular Cancer

Answer 3

Genetic factor
Cryptorchidism- Undescended testicle
Testicle tumor on one side

Question 4

What are the (2) histologies for Testicular Cancer

Answer 4

Seminoma (most common way)
Non-seminoma
Most tumors of the testes are malignant

Question 5

What are the (2) tumor markers for Testicular Cancer

Answer 5

HCG- human chorionic gonadotropin (17% of patients with seminomas have slightly evaluated level of this hormone)

AFP- Alphafetoprotein (usually elevated in non-seminomas)

Question 6

What are signs of Testicular Cancer

Answer 6

Hard painless mass in scrotum
Testis may be enlarged or may feel heavy
Pulling sensation in the scrotum
Eventually dull aching pain in the lower abdomen

Question 7

Diagnose & Treatment for Testicular Cancer

Answer 7

Ultrasound
Radical orchiectomy (both seminoma and non-seminoma) seeding can occur during biopsy
CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis to determine stage and if it has spread
Chemotherapy (late stages)
Radiation Therapy (early stages)
Surgery (early stages)

Question 8

Prostate Location

Answer 8

Inferior to bladder
Inferior/anterior to seminal vesicles
Posterior to symphysis pubis
Anterior to rectum
Prostate surrounds urethra

Question 9

What is the second leading cause of cancer in Males

Answer 9

Prostate Cancer

Question 10

What is the most common malignancy is males in the US

Answer 10

Prostate Cancer

Question 11

What is the most common histology for Prostate Cancer

Answer 11

Adenocarcinoma

Question 12

What are the (3) risk factors in Prostate Cancer

Answer 12

Increase age (65% occur in men over 65)
Higher in African American males (74% higher)

Question 13

True of False

BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia) a risk factor in prostate cancer

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What are the (2) tumor markers for prostate cancer

Answer 14

1. elevated PSA

2. PAP (prostate acid phosphatase) may indicate mets

Question 15

What are symptoms of BPH (Benign Prostate Hypertrophy or Hyperplasia)

Answer 15

1. obstruction of urinary flow
2. hesitancy
3. dribbling
4. decreased force of urinary stream
5. catheters

Question 16

What is BPH

Answer 16

Benign prostate hypertrophy or hyperplasia

• prostate enlarges due to formation of nodules and glandular cells enlarging
• affects 50% over the age of 65 to some degree
• gland starts pressing against urethra

Question 17

Signs and or Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

Answer 17

Early stages can be asymptomatic til it reaches a significant size
Decrease in frequency
Frequency
Difficulty in starting
Dysuria
Possible hematuria
Advanced prostate cancer tends to spread to bones

Question 18

Detection and Diagnoses of Prostate Cancer

Answer 18

Physical exam- digital rectum exam 50 years of age up
Abnormality on digital exam- biopsy via transrectal ultrasound
Elevated PSA
Grading- biopsy results (gleason scale)
Radiographic imaging to determine if its spread (mets)

Question 19

True or False

Liver is the most common metastatic site with prostate cancer

Answer 19

False

Bone is the most common metastatic site

Question 20

What are the Prostate treatments and or managments

Answer 20

Observation
Radical prostatectomy or prostatectomy
Radiation (external and or seed implants)
Hormone therapy (cuts of supply of testosterone)
Chemotherapy has limited use

Question 21

What is the prognosis for prostate cancer

Answer 21

92% discovered at early stages- 5 year survival rate 100%

5-year survival rate for late stage 29%

Question 22

What are the risk factors for Breast Cancer

Answer 22

Gender (males can have breast cancer)
increases with age
increases with estrogen levels
increased weight in postmenopausal women
early menacrch (period) longer to estrogen levels
late menopause- longer to estrogen levels
nulliparity- (condition of never giving birth)
having first child late
exposure of chest to radiation
hormone replacement
family history_ BRCA1 & 2
fibrocystic disease
cancer in another breast or uterus

Question 23

What are the most common organs/structures breast cancer metastasizes to?

Answer 23

Bone, liver, brain, lung

Question 24

What is the most common malignancy in women in the US

Answer 24

Breast Cancer

Question 25

Clinical presentation of Breast Cancer

Answer 25

Breast mass (mammogram) Nipple discharge Skin changes- peau d'orange/skin erythema Alteration in breast contour Lymphadenopathy- axillary, supraclavicular

Question 26

Detection and Diagnosis of breast cancer

Answer 26

``` mammography- screening avg. 40-54 every year/ high risk MRI mammo starting at the age of 30 Ultrasound MRI Clinical examination Self breast exam Biopsy ```

Question 27

Breast Cancer Histology

Answer 27

Invasive ductal carcinoma- originates in ductal Carcinoma in situ Invasive lobular carcinoma- originates in glands or lobules

Question 28

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status ER

Answer 28

+ better prognosis

Question 29

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status PR

Answer 29

+ better prognosis

Question 30

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status HER2

Answer 30

overexpression poor prognosis | poorly differentiated

Question 31

Breast Cancer Prognosis- Receptor Status Triple negative breast cancer

Answer 31

worse prognosis for receptor status

Question 32

Treatment for Breast Cancer (Surgery)

Answer 32

Surgery- breast conserving surgery mastectomy lumpectomy (excisional biopsy) removal of tumor with margin of normal appearing tissue sentinel lymph node biopsy axillary dissection- removal of a sample of axillary nodes

Question 33

Treatment for Breast Cancer (combination treatments)

Answer 33

Radiation therapy chemotherapy hormonal therapies

Question 34

What is the number one procedure that detects Cervical Cancer

Answer 34

Pap Smear- fist signs of dysplasia

Question 35

What procedure is conducted after the pap smear comes back abnormal?

Answer 35

Colposcopy

Question 36

What is the most common histology in Cervical Cancer

Answer 36

Squamous Cell Carcinoma- originates in squamous cell exocervix

Question 37

True or False Squamous Cell Carcinoma is worst than Adenocarcinoma in Cervical Cancer

Answer 37

False- Adenocarcinoma | Originates inside the endocervical mucus-producing gland cells

Question 38

What are the Risk factors for Cervical Cancer

Answer 38

HPV (sub types 16 & 18) Responsible for 99% Multiple sexual partners, sex at early age Occurs more often in women over 50

Question 39

What is the most common staging system for Cervical Cancer

Answer 39

FIGO (very similar to TNM)

Question 40

What are ways Cervical Cancer spread

Answer 40

Direct extension to uterus, vagina, parametrium, abdomen, rectum, bladder, etc. Blood- most common to lungs, liver and bone

Question 41

Breast Cancer Treatments

Answer 41

Surgery External beam radiation Brachytherapy

Question 42

What is the leasing cause of death in gynecologic cancers

Answer 42

Ovarian Cancer

Question 43

What is the 5th most common gynecologic cancer

Answer 43

Ovarian Cancer

Question 44

What are the risk factors of Ovarian Cancer

Answer 44

``` Never giving birth early menarche smoking family history first child 35 and older late menopause BRACA1 & 2 gene immuosuppression ```

Question 45

What is the gynecologic fourth most common type of cancer in women in the US

Answer 45

Endometrial Cancer

Question 46

Histology of Endometrial Cancer

Answer 46

Adenocarcinoma (80%) most common

Question 47

What are the risk factor for Endometrial Cancer

Answer 47

``` Hormone obesity never giving birth- late menopause early menarche irregular menstruation diabetes history of infertility tamoxifen hereditary colon cancer ```

Question 48

What are signs of endometrial cancers

Answer 48

Post menopausal bleeding

Question 49

Ovarian clinical presentation

Answer 49

Abdominal or pelvic pain, abdominal distension, vauge gastrointestinal symptoms

Question 50

Ovarian prognosis

Answer 50

Poor- symptoms do not appear until late stages | advanced stages cause abdominal or pelvic pain, ascites (excess abdominal fluid)