Reproductive System HW Flashcards Preview

Pathology- Nicole Calvin > Reproductive System HW > Flashcards

Flashcards in Reproductive System HW Deck (36)
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1
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

One or both of the testes fails to descend into the proper position (scrotum) happens in third trimester of pregnancy. (Increases risks of testicular cancer)

2
Q

What age group is most susceptible to testicular cancer

A

15-35 year old group

3
Q

How does testicular cancer treatment affect fertility and as a result what might the patient choose to do in order to ensure he can still have children

A

Chemotherapy commonly causes infertility during treatment . Radiation is thought not to affect the patients fertility but a small dose does reach the opposite testicle. (It is necessary to donate sperm to sperm bank before treatment starts)

4
Q

What is BPH

A

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy-Enlarged prostate (hyperplasia of prostate tissue)

  • Not associated with prostate cancer
  • Common in men over 65
  • Can lead to compression of urethra and obstruction of urine
  • Referred to as Hypertrophy but change is actual Hyperplasia
  • Formation of nodules surrounding the urethra
5
Q

What is the most common malignancy of males in the US

A

Prostate Cancer

6
Q

What is PSA and what is its relationship to prostate cancer

A

Prostate specific antigen

It is a serum marker which can indicate a higher risk for prostate cancer if elevated

7
Q

What are uterine fibroids

A

Leiomyoma- benign tumor of the myometrium of the uterus

8
Q

Most common malignancy in women in US

A

Breast Cancer

9
Q

What is the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer

A

Increased estrogen levels increase the risk of breast cancer

10
Q

Fine needle biopsy

A

small needle gauge attached to syringe where blood or tissue is collected from a suspicious tissue in the breast. Material is prepared on slides for cytologic evaluation. (Can also be used with ultrasound to confirm the disease status in the axilla)

11
Q

Core needle biopsy

A

Large gauge- aspirate a core of tissue from the breast mass. Pathologist examines tissue histologically. More definitive histology diagnosis compared to fine needle

12
Q

Excisional biopsy

A

Removal of entire lesion

13
Q

Explain what DCIS is

A

Ductal Carcinoma In situ
It is confined to the preexisting duct system of the breast without penetration of the basement membrane and invasion of surrounding tissues on microscopic examination

14
Q

What are the two most common type of invasion breast cancers

A

Invasion ductal carcinoma (infiltrating ductal carcinoma) and invasive lobular carcinoma

15
Q

What age group has the worst prognosis for breast cancer

A

Younger age (under 35) worst survival rate

16
Q

In patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, prophylactic mastectomies reduce the risk of development of breast cancer by __________ percent?

A

More than 90%

17
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments or colon.
  • Ectopic endometrium still responds to hormones by growing and then shedding during the menstrual cycle, due to no exit the blood causes irritation, inflammation, pain and eventually fibrous tissues that can cause infertility.
18
Q

What percentage of ovarian cancer is detected at early stages

A

25%

19
Q

What is the best screening tool for cervical cancer

A

Pap smear

20
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom in cervical cancer

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

21
Q

What are the two main parts of the uterus

A

Fundus and Cervix (body)

22
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom in cervical cancer

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

23
Q

What are the two most common histological types of cervical cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma 80-90%

Adenocarcinoma 10-20%

24
Q

Which histology is a worst prognosis in cervical cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

25
Q

What is the most common type of gynecologic malignancy

A

Endometrial

26
Q

What is the most common histology for Endometrial cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

27
Q

What is the most common presenting symptom of endometrial cancer

A

Postmenopausal bleeding

28
Q

Is a pap smear used to screen for endometrial cancer

A

No

29
Q

Why is there such a high mortality rate for ovarian cancer

A

More than 70% are diagnosed at advanced stages due to very vague symptoms

30
Q

What is the relationship to BRACA1 and BRACA2 and to ovarian cancer

A

Presence of mutated BRACA1 and BRACA2 genes increases the risk of ovarian cancer

31
Q

What tumor marker is associated with ovarian cancer

A

CA125

32
Q

Where is the perineum located in Males and Women

A

Between the scrotum and anus in males

Between the vagina and anus

33
Q

Why is the cure rate for cervical cancer better than the cure rate for ovarian cancer

A

Cervical cancer can be detected earlier thru pap screening. There is no early detection for Ovarian and it lacks symptoms until advanced stages.

34
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer

A

Multiple sex partners, sexual intercourse at an early age, STD- herpes simplex type 2 and HPV. HPV is responsible for nearly 99% of cervical cancer. Oral contraceptives with estrogen alone, smoking, hormonal factors, obesity, low socioeconomic status, nulliparity (never delivered a child) and immunosuppression

35
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancers

A

Exposure to estrogen that is not hindered by progesterone. Estrogen replacement therapy, obesity, late menopause, nulliparity, early menarche, irregular menstruation, diabetes, a history of infertility and hereditary colon cancer. Women taking Tamoxifen

36
Q

Define Nadir as it relates to prostate cancer

A

PSA nadir is the lowest level that the PSA reaches following treatment. It’s an indication of how effective treatment was and how likely cancer is to recur but the nadir needs to be maintained to be a good indication of the effectiveness of treatment. Measurements are taken over a period of time.